How do you think scientists have learned about the layers of the Earth?

Question

please help me. I am really interested...

Answer 1

if you are speaking of the crust, lithosphere, aesthenosphere...etc then it is in part through analysis of the geological record and geological events (earthquakes, volcanic erutpions.... Using theory and physics to calculate the probable compositions of the layers (eg a molten core). And through the use of geophysics, such as seismics (study of seismic waves being reflected through the ground), gravimetrics (study of fluctuations in the earths gravitational fields) and magnetometry (study of fluctuations in the Earths magnetic fields)

Answer 2

Basically, the ice is like a sediment that formed in the air. Some of the original air is captured in the ice and can be analyzed. Also, the water can be analyzed and we can learn things about the climate and atmospheric chemistry from that. Even thickness variations in the layers tell a tale of the types of winters that formed them. But what is really nice about ice, apart from all those other good and useful things, is that it makes layers that can be measured and counted, sort of like tree rings (but not exactly), and thus we can get an age of the samples relatively easily and reasonably precisely. Of course, the ice core data only cover the very recent past of the earth, typically a period of several hundred thousand years, but the cores give a lot of nice detailed information for that short period.

Answer 3

Digging and alot of guess work. The super deep well or Kola Experiment in Northern Siberia was the deepest attempted dig so far at 7 1/2 miles down. Scientists were wrong about what they expected to find at those depths and no one is really for certain if the density is increasing all the way to the center. For example at a certain density all materials begin to flow into plastic basalt or liquid matter. Scientists believe that since the density is decreasing thus the elasticity is increasing and that explains why all of the waves sort of bend around the interior of earth. This prompted them to believe the interior is liquid, but it could also be a vaccum for all we know theres no way of knowing what the wave is travelling through they just know its made it from point A to point B...alot of guesswork is involved.
Also at these depths where there is supposedly no solid structure many many earthquakes form and that right there goes against the theory of how an earthquake forms because if there is no solid structure to resonate from, an earthquake isnt supposed to exist at those depths but they do! there are some earthquakes which originate at 700 miles. My idea is that no one can really know whats going on at those depths because my first example of the super deep "kola well" proves we know little about earths structure and it is alot of guess work. Also the fact that earthquakes are forming at depths where there should be no solid structure or the liquid mantle. And humanity owes it to themselves to find ways of penetrating further into earth to find out if our solid earth model or proposed model is true or not. Theres only one way to find out There is only so much we can do on the surface but speculate and try to stretch the theories to fit our proposed ideas. Theres alot of other evidence i could bring forth, but maybe i'll save that for a later post since it does not directly tie in with the question.

Answer 4

Well, they have a special drill called a core drilling drill.

Like for mining for Uranium? They'll drill a hole down as deep as they think- lets call it 500 feet for example. The DRILL BIT however, is hollow- its like a long hollow pipe, and in lets say 20 foot sections, it will make a hole roughly 2" wide, and 20 feet long- as the drill spins it cuts the rock, then a vacuum is applied and the whole unit in 20 foot lengths is pulled out, laid on a table, and is then studied with geiger counters and visual aids- you can find gold, silver, etc as byproducts when you find uranium.

In the Antartic, they're using hot water- 190 degree's F- to drill down 5000 feet to get core samples to find out what the earth was like up to a million years ago.

For grins and yucks, my Dad during the 4th of July would drill such a hole down like 40 feet, put in a few sticks of dynimite, put in some truck and car axels, rocks, wood and stuff then set off the dynamite- it'd blow crap all over the place like a huge cannon.

Answer 5

Geologist set off explosions at various points on the surface, then study the waves patterns at other places. By determining the refraction of the waves, they can tell whether the layers are solid or liquid and thus determine layer boundaries.

Answer 6

1. detailed observations of the rocks that are easily seen and described such as occur on the sides of road cuts, tunnels, river and stream valleys, cliffs, mines, ditches, etc.
2. detailed study of the rocks from drilling and coring;
3. inferences from both 1 and 2 applied to seismic, gravity, magnetics, etc. to postulate the make up of the deeper earth.

Answer 7

by studying the velocities and refraction of mechanical waves resulting from earth quakes at different places

Answer 8

Through detailed observation, and careful scientific research and analysis.

Answer 9

Through sonar.

Answer 10

Geology, geophysics, and xenoliths.