A brief Introduction to Hearing
Auditory function is the process by which the stimulation of receptors in the inner ear is followed by transduction of the mechanical stimulus into neural energy which upon reaching the brain gives us the sensation of hearing.
Auditory function is a very difficult subject to comprehend due primarily to the diversity of cells and type of tissues that takes place in the processing of a signals reaching the ear. Such a diversity of cells and tissues is necessary in order to localize, distinguish, and process sounds from different sources and different frequencies (i.e. the sound of a violin and a bass). The auditory system is able to distinguish efficiently sound as low as 20 cycles/sec. (hertz = Hz), and 20,000 Hz. Physically, processing such a wide range of frequencies constitutes a truly miraculous perfection of engineering. For example, even today with the most sophisticated development of computers and electronic digital equipment it would be impossible to duplicate the function of the inner ear in a machine as large as a refrigerator. However, the inner ear is capable of doing all of this and is only the size of a pea.
There are very few organs in the body that can do as much as the ear can in such a little space. In order to duplicate the function of the inner ear, an engineer would have to fit into 16 cubic centimeters a sound system that is capable of equalizing (impedance) a wide range of inputs, a mechanical analyzer, a mobile relay and amplification unit, a multi-channel transducer to convert mechanical energy into neural energy, and a system to maintain a delicate hydraulic balance and an internal two-way communication system. It is impossible to cover all the physiological properties of the inner ear in only one chapter, when there are books dedicated entirely to only the function of the hair cells, which are only parts of the inner ear.
When the extreme sensitivity of the auditory system is analyzed, one has only but to wonder about its functions. In fact, if the inner ear were as protuberant as the eyes are it is likely that subjects would be more impressed and appreciative of what they can hear in the same manner that they are impressed with what they can see. The efficiency of the ear is such, that if the eye was forced to distinguish the tremendous difference between the sound of a cannon and a whisper, it is likely that the person would have to protect the eye externally. Fortunately for us, the ear protects itself with the built in mechanisms it has. For example, if the eyes were exposed to the above extremes would be the equivalent as if looking directly into the bright sun. Most likely after such an experience the individual would have to wait a few minutes before focusing the eyes completely. Nonetheless, the ear can switch between the whisper and the cannon sound with little or no effort. One example of the incredible function that the ear performs is the fact that someone can learn to live near a railroad and not be bothered by the sound of a passing train, but at the same time can wake up by the sound of an alarm clock. Similarly, during a cocktail party one can effectively ignore the noise around; and center ones attention on the conversation of the person across the table.
Before we can appreciate sound, waves in the air reach the outer ear or auricle (pinna) which in lower animals contributes to the localization of the origin of the sound. The sound waves then reach the tympanic membrane. The membrane vibrates and the vibration is transmitted to the inner ear by mean of the three small bones, malleus (hammer), anvil and stirrup. The vibration causes the stirrup to act as a piston which by displacement of a small and thin membrane on the oval window of the cochlea displaces the endolymphatic content of the cochlea duct. Displacement causes the portion of the membrane, where hair cells rest, to undulate in conjunction with another membrane on top of the hair cells, making the hair cells transduce the mechanical energy into neural stimulation. From the hair cells of the inner ear, the neural stimulus is transmitted by the afferent cochlear nerve fibers to the brain stem; and from there to the various stations along the brain center up to the cortex where speech and sound are finally decoded (Kelly, 1981; Pickles, 1982; Tsuchitani, 1983; Yost and Nielsen, 1985).
2006-08-06 16:19:09
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answer #2
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answered by polllydooodle 4
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If you are deaf you may not ever be able to hear but you did not state whether you are deaf or not.
2006-08-06 17:55:32
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answer #4
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answered by Bullchit 5
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hear wht!! anyway there is no place you can hear from except your ears
2006-08-06 16:18:38
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answer #5
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answered by Anonymous
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