The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. The earlier Roman Republic had been devastated and weakened by the conflict between Gaius Marius and Sulla, followed by the civil war of Gaius Julius Caesar against Pompey. During all these struggles hundreds of senators had fallen in battle, been executed, murdered, or had taken their own lives. The Roman Senate had been refilled by loyal friends of the First Triumvirate, and later on, by supporters of the Second Triumvirate. At last, Octavian (later to be known as Augustus) defeated his rival Mark Antony and completed this gradual subversion by thoroughly reorganizing the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
"Roman Empire" can also be used as translation of the expression, Imperium Romanum, probably the best-known Latin expression where the word imperium is used in the meaning of a territory; the "Roman Empire" denotes that part of the world under Roman rule. The expansion of this Roman territory beyond the borders of the initial city-state of Rome had started long before the state organization turned into an Empire. In its territorial peak after the conquest of Dacia by Trajan, the Roman Empire controlled approximately 5 900 000 km² (2,300,000 sq.mi.) of land surface, thereby being the largest empire during classical antiquity.[citation needed]
The precise date at which the Roman Republic changed into the Roman Empire is disputed, with the dates of Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the battle of Actium, September 2, 31 BC, and the date in which the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title Augustus, January 16, 27 BC, all being advanced as candidates. To confuse matters even further, Octavian officially proclaimed that he had saved the Roman Republic and carefully disguised his power under republican forms. Indeed, on the surface it might appear that the Republic was alive: consuls continued to be elected, tribunes of the plebeians continued to offer legislation, and senators still debated in the Roman Curia. However, it was Octavian who influenced everything and controlled the final decisions, and in final analysis, had the legions to back him up, if it ever became necessary.
The end of the Roman Empire is traditionally placed on 4 September 476, as the Western Roman Empire fell to Germanic invaders. However, this view neglects and fails to recognize the Eastern Roman Empire, widely known as the Byzantine Empire, which protected Roman law and culture. Based in Roman legal and cultural traditions, it was also heavily influenced by ancient Greek culture and language, and developed a distinct character that managed to survive and even thrive for another millennium, eventually being conquered on 29 May 1453 by the Ottoman Empire.
From the time of Augustus to the Fall of the Western Empire, Rome dominated Western Eurasia, comprising the majority of its population and about 25% of the global population. The legacy of Rome on culture, law, technology, arts, language, religion, government, military, and architecture upon Western civilization remains to the present day.
2006-07-19 11:56:03
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answer #1
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answered by BrianKSE2006 3
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