Indians.. then Arabs
Brahmagupta, around 650 AD, was the first to formalize arithmetic operations using zero. He used dots underneath numbers to indicate a zero. These dots were alternately referred to as 'sunya', which means empty, or 'kha', which means place. Brahmagupta wrote standard rules for reaching zero through addition and subtraction as well as the results of operations with zero. The only error in his rules was division by zero, which would have to wait for Isaac Newton and G.W. Leibniz to tackle.
2006-07-19 04:56:44
·
answer #2
·
answered by Sheila Z 3
·
0⤊
0⤋
The word zero comes ultimately from the Arabic á¹£ifr (صÙر) meaning empty or vacant, a literal translation of the Sanskrit ÅÅ«nya meaning void or empty. Through transliteration this became zephyr or zephyrus in Latin. The word zephyrus already meant "west wind" in Latin; the proper noun Zephyrus was the Roman god of the west wind (after the Greek god Zephyros). With its new use for the concept of zero, zephyr came to mean a light breeze—"an almost nothing."[1] The word zephyr survives with this meaning in English today. The Italian mathematician Fibonacci (c.1170-1250), who grew up in Arab North Africa and is credited with introducing the Hindu decimal system to Europe, used the term zephyrum. This became zefiro in Italian, which was contracted to zero in the Venetian dialect, giving the modern English word.
As the decimal zero and its new mathematics spread through a Europe that was still in the Middle Ages, words derived from sifr and zephyrus came to refer to calculation, as well as to privileged knowledge and secret codes. According to Ifrah, "in thirteenth-century Paris, a 'worthless fellow' was called a... cifre en algorisme, i.e., an 'arithmetical nothing.'"[1] (Algorithm is also a borrowing from the Arabic, in this case from the name of the 9th century mathematician al-Khwarizmi.) The Arabic root gave rise to the modern French chiffre, which means digit, figure, or number; chiffrer, to calculate or compute; and chiffré, encrypted; as well as to the English word cipher. Today, the word in Arabic is still sifr, and cognates of sifr are common throughout the languages of Europe. A few additional examples follow.
* French: zéro, zero
* Catalan; xifra, digit, figure, cypher; zero, zero; xifrar, to encode, to number
* German: Ziffer, digit, figure, numeral, cypher
* Italian: cifra, digit, numeral, cypher; zero, zero
* Russian: tzifra, digit, numeral; shifr cypher, code
* Polish: cyfra, digit; szyfrowaÄ, to encrypt; zero, zero
* Portuguese: zero, zero; dÃgito, digit; número, number; algarismo, figure, numeral
* Spanish: cifra, figure, numeral, cypher, code; cero, zero
* Swedish: siffra, numeral, sum, digit; chiffer, cypher
* Dutch: cijfer, digit
In ancient India, the linguist Panini (5th century BC) used the null (zero or shoonya) operator in the Ashtadhyayi, his algebraic grammar of the Sanskrit language. Another early use of something like zero by the Indian scholar Pingala (circa 5th-3rd century BC), implied at first glance by his use of binary numbers, is only the modern binary representation using 0 and 1 applied to Pingala's binary system, which used short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables),[3] making it similar to Morse code. Nevertheless, he and other Indian scholars at the time used the Sanskrit word shunya (the origin of the word zero after a series of transliterations and a literal translation) to refer to zero or void.[4]
2006-07-19 04:58:04
·
answer #10
·
answered by yathendra_prasad 3
·
0⤊
0⤋