MOLES Moles are spots on the skin where melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) have produced more melanin, darkening a localized area of the epidermis. Everyone has moles, which come in a wide range of sizes, shapes, colors, textures, and patterns. The appearance of moles is probably determined before birth, but they may increase in number or color during hormone changes and sun exposure. Most moles will appear by the time a person reaches 20, but others may not appear until later in life. Each mole has its own growth pattern, but in general, when moles first appear, they look like freckles – they are mostly flat and tan, pink, or brown. Over time, they usually enlarge and may develop hairs. Moles tend to darken with exposure to the sun, during puberty, with birth control pills, and during pregnancy. The life cycle of the average mole is 50 years, so they change very slowly, often becoming more raised and lighter in color. Many will disappear with age, either fading away or becoming raised from the skin and getting rubbed off. The majority of moles and other blemishes are benign, but spots that change appearance or cause pain warrant medical attention. A new or existing mole that exhibits ABCD qualities (see “Skin Cancer”) should be seen by a dermatologist. This includes any spot that changes in size, shape, or color, or one that bleeds, itches, or becomes painful. Other moles that increase your risk of skin cancer are large ones (bigger than a pencil eraser) that are present at birth or that run in the family, usually with dark centers and lighter, irregular edges. ACNE (BLACKHEAD) Acne is the general term for pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and cysts. About 85% of people between 12 and 25 experience acne, though to varying degrees. Resulting from clogged pores, acne typically appears on the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders, and scalp. A pore gets clogged when the sebaceous gland – responsible for lubricating the skin and connected to the base of the hair follicle – produces excess oil that combines with dead skin cells to form a soft, white plug. Within the clogged pore, bacteria that naturally live on the skin multiply, causing an infection. In response to bacterial growth, the immune system sends white blood cells to combat the invaders. The combination of oil, dead skin cells, bacteria, and white blood cells causes the wall of the plugged follicle to bulge, producing a whitehead or blackhead. The difference between these two is whether the plug remains below the skin or is pushed to the surface. When the pressure of the hair follicle pushes the oil and dead skin cells to the surface of the skin, a blackhead forms. A whitehead is a clogged pore below the surface of the skin. If the follicle wall breaks down and spills its contents into nearby skin, a lesion or pimple will form. Acne is the combined result of three factors: build-up of oil, abnormal shedding of dead skin cells, and bacteria growth. Scientists aren’t sure exactly what leads to these changes in the skin, but certain factors have been found to play a part. Hormones, heredity, bacteria, and medication are among the causes of acne. Additionally, environmental factors, such as pollution or high humidity, and touching your skin with your hands or other bacteria-laden objects can promote pimples. Some say stress causes acne, others disagree, but it’s a good idea to reduce stress for other health reasons anyway. Surprisingly, food has nothing to do with acne. The best way to treat and prevent mild acne is to wash your skin with a gentle cleanser in the morning, evening, and after heavy exercise. Astringents, scrubs, and masks are often harsh on the skin, producing irritation that will lead to more acne. There are many over-the-counter and prescription treatments, including lotions, antibiotics, and oral contraceptives. Look for lotions with benzoyl peroxide, resorcinol, or salicylic acid to dry excess oil and promote peeling. Do not pick or squeeze blemishes because you may push the infection deeper into the skin and cause scars. Avoid oily and greasy cosmetics, sunscreens, and hair products; only use products labeled “water-based” or “noncomedogenic.” More serious forms of acne may require treatment by a dermatologist.
2016-03-27 00:54:41
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answer #2
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answered by Anonymous
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