SOLAR..is it effective.?

Question

Is solar really cheaper in the long run? What are the benefits of getting solar products around the house? Is it truly benficial?

Answer 1

The term solar power is a description term for methods of harnessing energy from the light of the Sun. It has been present in many traditional building methods for centuries, but has been increasing interest in developed countries as the environmental costs and limited supply of other power sources such as fossil fuels are realized. Solar power is currently being used in remote locations and in space since other power supplies are absent.

Contents [hide]
1 Energy from the Sun
2 Classification
2.1 Method of energy transformation
2.2 Complexity of mechanism
2.3 Focus type
3 Advantages and disadvantages of Solar power
3.1 Advantages
3.2 Disadvantages
4 Types of technologies
4.1 Solar design in architecture
4.2 Solar heating systems
4.3 Photovoltaic cells
4.3.1 Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) systems
4.4 Solar thermal electric power plants
4.4.1 Solar updraft tower
4.4.2 Energy Tower
4.4.3 Solar pond
4.5 Solar chemical
4.6 Phytochemical energy storage (Biofuels)
4.7 Solar cooking
4.8 Solar lighting
5 Energy storage
6 Deployment of solar power to energy grids
6.1 Africa
6.2 Australia
6.3 Asia
6.4 Europe
6.5 North America
7 Deployment of Solar power in transport
8 World solar power production
8.1 Large PV power plants
9 See also
10 References
11 External links



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Energy from the Sun

Global solar energy resources. The colors in the map show the local solar energy, averaged through the years of 1991-1993. The scale is in watts per square meter.
The land area required to supply the current global primary energy demand by solar energy using available technology is represented by the dark disks.The rate at which solar radiation reaches a unit of area in space in the region of the Earth's orbit is 1,366 W/m², as measured upon a surface normal (at a right angle) to the Sun. This number is referred to as the solar constant.[1] Of the energy received, roughly 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere, while clouds on average reflect a further 35% of the total energy. The generally accepted standard is for peak power of about 1,000 W/m² at sea level. [2] The average power, which is an important quantity when one is considering using solar power, is lower. The image on the right shows the average solar power available on the surface in W/m² after absorption in the atmosphere and reflection by clouds, calculated from satellite cloud data averaged over three years from 1991 to 1993 (24 hours a day). For example, in North America the average power of the solar radiation lies somewhere between 125 and 375 W/m², between 3 and 9 kWh/m²/day. [3]

It should be noted that this is the maximum available power, and not the power delivered by solar power technology. For example photovoltaic panels currently have an efficiency of ca. 15% and, hence, a solar panel delivers 19 to 56 W/m² or 0.45-1.35 kWh/m²/day (annual day and night average). The dark disks in the image on the right are an example for the land areas that, if covered with solar panels, would produce slightly more energy in the form of electricity than the total primary energy supply in 2003. [4] That is, solar cells with an assumed 8% efficiency installed in these areas would deliver a bit more energy in the form of electricity than what is currently available from oil, gas, hydropower, nuclear power, etc. combined.

It should also be noted that a recent concern is that of Global dimming, an effect of pollution that is allowing less and less sunlight to reach the Earth's surface. It is intricately linked with pollution particles and Global warming, and is mostly of concern for issues of Global climate change, but is also of concern to proponents of Solar Power due to the existing and potential future decreases in available Solar Energy. The order of magnitude is about 10% less solar energy available at sea level, mostly due to more intense cloud reflections back into outer space. That is, the clouds are whiter, brighter, because the pollution dust serves as vapor-liquid phase change initiation site and generates clouds where otherwise there would be a moisture filled but otherwise clear sky.

After passing through the Earth's atmosphere, most of the sun's energy is in the form of visible and Infrared radiations. Plants use solar energy to create chemical energy through photosynthesis. Humans regularly use this energy burning wood or fossil fuels, or when simply eating the plants.

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Classification
A wide range of power technologies exist which can make use of the solar energy reaching Earth. These can be classified in a number of different ways.

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Method of energy transformation
Solar energy can be transformed for use elsewhere or utilised directly.


A photovoltaic cell produces electricity directly from solar energy
Hydroelectric power stations produce indirect solar power. The Itaipu Dam, Brazil / ParaguayDirect solar power involves only one transformation into a usable form. For example:

Sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell (also called a photoelectric cell) creating electricity.
Sunlight hits the dark absorber surface of a solar thermal collector and the surface warms. The heat energy may be carried away by a fluid circuit.
Sunlight strikes a solar sail on a space craft and is converted directly into a force on the sail which causes motion of the craft.
Sunlight strikes a light mill and causes the vanes to rotate, although little practical application has yet been found for this effect.
Sunlight is focused on an externally mounted reflective channel which conducts sunlight into building interiors to supplement lighting.
Indirect solar power involves more than one transformation to reach a usable form. Many other types of power generation are indirectly solar-powered. Some of these are so indirect that they are often excluded from discussion of solar power:

Vegetation uses photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy, which can later be burned as fuel to generate electricity (see biofuel). Methane (natural gas) and hydrogen may be derived from the biofuel.
Hydroelectric dams and wind turbines are powered by solar energy through its interaction with the Earth's atmosphere and the resulting weather phenomena.
Ocean thermal energy production uses the thermal gradients that are present across ocean depths to generate power. These temperature differences are ultimately due to the energy of the sun.
Energy obtained from oil, coal, and peat originated as solar energy captured by vegetation in the remote geological past and fossilised. Hence the term Fossil fuel. The great time delay between the input of the solar energy and its recovery means these are not practically renewable and therefore not normally classified as solar power.
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Complexity of mechanism
Solar power can also be classified as passive or active:

Passive solar systems are systems that do not involve the input of any other forms of energy apart from the incoming sunlight, although (in the case of solar heat through windows) there may be draperies or panels used to reduce nighttime heat losses and thermostatically or manually operated vents (but not fans) to prevent overheating. Passive solar water heaters, for instance, use a thermosiphon and have no pumps. The thermosiphon only operates when hot, to reduce nighttime heat loss. Other space heating systems use a thermal diode to similar effect. Passive solar water distillers may rely upon capillary action to pump water.
Active solar systems use additional mechanisms such as circulation pumps, air blowers or tracking systems which aim collectors at the sun. These mechanisms are typically powered by electricity and may have additional electronic or computerized automatic controls.
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Focus type

Point focus parabolic dish with Stirling System at Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) in SpainEffective use of solar radiation often requires the radiation (light) to be focused to give a higher intensity beam. Consequently, another scheme for classifying solar power systems is:

Point focus. A parabolic dish or concentrating lens, possibly combined with a heliostat are used to concentrate light at a point (the focus). At the focus there might be placed a high-concentration of photovoltaic cells (solar cells) or a thermal energy 'receiver', such as those used in Stirling Engines.
Line focus. A parabolic trough or a series of long narrow mirrors are used to concentrate light along a line. The SEGS systems in California are an example of this type of system.
Non-focusing systems include solar domestic hot water systems and most photovoltaic cells. These systems have the advantage that they can make use of diffuse solar radiation (which can not be focused). However, if high temperatures are required, this type of system is usually not suitable, because of the lower radiation intensity. Solar water heating is arguably the most practical and economical way to harness "non-focused" solar energy
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Advantages and disadvantages of Solar power
[edit]
Advantages
Solar power is relatively pollution free, although the impact of environmental pollution during manufacture and construction should not be neglected.
Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention after initial setup.
Solar power is becoming more and more economical as costs associated with production decreases, the technology becomes more effective in energy conversion, and the costs of other energy source alternatives increase.
Solar power can be viewed as a local resource because of regional climatic variances.
Some countries, regions, etc (such as island communities, desolate regions and ocean-going vessels) are harvesting solar power as a viable energy resource due in part to comparative costs associated with purchasing energy from other sources.
When grid connected, solar electric generation can displace the highest cost electricity during times of peak demand (in many climatic regions), can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power for use in times of darkness and high local demand; such application is encouraged by net metering). Time-of-use net metering can be highly favorable to small photovoltaic systems.
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Disadvantages
Solar power at the Earth's surface has a number of disadvantages which must be addressed as engineering problems before it can become an effective source of energy supply:

It is only practical in certain areas with a favorable climate and latitude. That is, areas near the tropics and which are relatively cloud free. Note that some solar applications, such as solar water heating, work well using non-focused technology and indirect sunlight.
The best placed locations for solar power arrays tend to be remote from the places of highest energy demand (logically, because much energy demand is used for space heating in cold northerly climates, where solar insolation is lower)
It is not available at night and is reduced when there is cloud cover, decreasing the reliability of peak output performance.
It must be converted into some other form of energy to be stored for times when conditions are prohibitive or to drive transport.
Solar cell technologies produce DC power which must be converted to the AC power when used in distribution grids. ie. There is an energy cost which reduces the real energy output of the solar panels
For power grids to stay functional at all times, backup powerplants must be kept 'hot', to replace solar power stations as they stop producing. There is an energy cost to keep plants 'hot', which includes (in the case of coal plants) the burning of coal. Unfortunately, if the country is not willing to accept brownouts, the carbon footprint of any large scale solar project will have to accept the 'hot' non-producing power plants carbon emissions as their own. The continued advances in the ability to store electricity will greatly impact the successful implementation of a large scale solar power station being, carbon footprint free.
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Types of technologies
Most solar energy used today is harnessed as heat or electricity.

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Solar design in architecture
Main articles: Passive solar and Active solar

Solar design can be used to achieve comfortable temperature and light levels with little or no additional energy. This can be through passive solar, where maximising the entrance of sunlight in cold conditions and reducing it in hot weather; and active solar, using additional devices such as pumps and fans to direct warm and cool air or fluid.

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Solar heating systems
Main article: Solar hot water
Solar hot water systems are generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir to stock the heat for subsequent use. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water or a swimming pool, or to provide heat for a heating circuit. The heat can also be used for industrial applications or as an energy input for other uses such as cooling equipment.

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Photovoltaic cells
Main article: Solar cell

The solar panels (photovoltaic arrays) on this small yacht at sea can charge the 12 V batteries at up to 9 Amps in full, direct sunlightSolar cells, also referred to as photovoltaic cells, are devices or banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight. Until recently, their use has been limited due to high manufacturing costs. One cost effective use has been in very low-power devices such as calculators with LCDs. Another use has been in remote applications such as roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, cathodic protection of pipe lines, and limited "off grid" home power applications. A third use has been in powering orbiting satellites and other spacecraft.

However, the continual decline of manufacturing costs (dropping at 3 to 5% a year in recent years) is expanding the range of cost-effective uses. The average lowest retail cost of a large solar panel declined from $7.50 to $4 per watt between 1990 and 2005. With many jurisdictions now giving tax and rebate incentives, solar electric power can now pay for itself in five to ten years in many places. "Grid-connected" systems - that is, systems with no battery that connect to the utility grid through a special inverter - now make up the largest part of the market. In 2004 the worldwide production of solar cells increased by 60%. 2005 is expected to see large growth again, but shortages of refined silicon have been hampering production worldwide since late 2004.

[edit]
Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) systems
Despite major progress made over the last decade the use of solar panels remains relatively expensive compared to conventional electricity generation. One promising way to reduce cost even further is by using concentrating photovoltaic systems.[5][6][7] The idea is to concentrate sunlight by lenses or mirrors onto a small panel of high-efficiency solar cells. That way expensive solar panels are replaced by cheap plastic or glass, thus dramatically reducing the cost per watt. In addition, the amount of solar energy harvested per m² is increased, thus reducing the area needed for generating solar power.

High-efficiency cells have been developed for special applications such as satellites and space exploration which require high-performance. GaAs multijunction devices are the most efficient solar cells to date, reaching as high as 39% efficiency[8]. They are also some of the most expensive cells per unit area (up to US$40/cm2).

In Concentrating Photovoltaic systems solar energy is concentrated several hundred times, which increases the solar energy conversion efficiency and reduces the semiconductor area needed per watt of power output. This may be beneficial as an application for multi-junction solar cells, as the high costs and technical challenges of generating large area multi-junction photovoltaics are prohibitive relative to current silicon PV technologies.

Since concentrating photovoltaics requires solar tracking the approach is most suited for large utility scale applications.[9] Different approaches are being evaluated for that purpose,[10] in particular Fresnel lenses,[11] parabolic trough concentration systems,[12][13] and solar dishes.[14]

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Solar thermal electric power plants

Solar Two, a concentrating solar power plant (an example of solar thermal energy).Main article: Solar thermal energy
Solar thermal energy can be used to heat a fluid to high temperatures and use it to produce electric power.

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Solar updraft tower
Main article: Solar updraft tower
A Solar updraft tower is a relatively low tech solar thermal power plant where air passes under a very large agricultural glass house (between 2 and 30 km in diameter), is heated by the sun and channeled upwards towards a convection tower. It then rises naturally and is used to drive turbines, which generate electricity.

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Energy Tower
An Energy tower is an alternative proposal for the Solar updraft tower. The "Energy Tower" is driven by spraying water at the top of the tower; evaporation of water causes a downdraft by cooling the air thereby increasing its density, driving windturbines at the bottom of the tower. It requires a hot arid climate and large quantities of water (seawater may be used for this purpose) but it does not require the large glass house of the Solar updraft tower.

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Solar pond
A solar pond is a relatively low-tech, low cost approach to harvesting solar energy. The principle is to fill a pond with 3 layers of water:

A top layer with a low salt content
An intermediate insulating layer with a salt gradient, which sets up a density gradient that prevents heat exchange by natural convection in the water.
A bottom layer has with a high salt content which reaches a temperature approaching 90 degrees Celsius.
The different densities in the layers due to their salt content prevent convection currents developing which would normally transfer the heat to the surface and then to the air above. The heat trapped in the salty bottom layer can be used for different purposes, such as heating of buildings, industrial processes, or generating electricity.

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Solar chemical
Solar chemical refers to a number of possible processes that harness solar energy by absorbing sunlight in a chemical reaction in a way similar to photosynthesis in plants but without using living organisms. No practical process has yet emerged.
A promising approach is to use focused sunlight to provide the energy needed to split water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a metallic catalyst such as zinc.[15][16][17]

While metals, such as zinc, have been shown to drive photoelectrolysis of water, more intensive research has focused on semiconductors. Most research has examined tranisition metal compounds, in particular titania, titanates, niobates, tantalates, and many more. Unfortunately, these materials exhibit very low efficiencies, because they require ultraviolet light to drive the photoelectrolysis of water. Current materials also require an electrical voltage bias for the hydrogen and oxygen gas to evolve from the surface, another disadvantage. Current research is focusing on the developement of materials capable of the same water splitting reaction using lower energy visible light.

It is also possible to use solar energy to drive industrial chemical processes without a requirement for fossil fuel.

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Phytochemical energy storage (Biofuels)
See Biofuels and Biodiesel The oil in plant seeds, in chemical terms, very closely resembles that of petroleum. Many, since the invention of the Diesel engine, have been using this form of captured solar energy as a fuel comparable to petrodiesel - for functional use in any diesel engine or generator and known as Biodiesel. A 1998 joint study by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) traced many of the various costs involved in the production of biodiesel and found that overall, it yields 3.2 units of fuel product energy for every unit of fossil fuel energy consumed. [18] Other Biofuels include ethanol, wood for stoves, ovens and furnaces, and methane gas produced from biofuels through chemical processes.

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Solar cooking
Main article: Solar cooker

A solar box cooker traps the Sun's power in an insulated box; these have been successfully used for cooking, pasteurization and fruit canning. Solar cooking is helping many developing countries, both reducing the demands for local firewood and maintaining a cleaner environment for the cooks. The first known western solar oven is attributed to Horace de Saussure.

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Solar lighting
The interior of a building can be lit during daylight hours using fiber optic light pipes connected to a parabolic collector mounted on the roof. The manufacturer claims this gives a more natural interior light and can be used to reduce the energy demands of electric lighting. [19]

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Energy storage
Main article: Grid energy storage
For a stand-alone system, some means must be employed to store the collected energy for use during hours of darkness or cloud cover. The following list includes both mature and immature techniques:

Electrochemically in batteries
Cryogenic liquid air or nitrogen
Compressed air in a cylinder
Flywheel energy storage
Hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water and then available for pollution free combustion
Hydraulic accumulator
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
Molten salt[20]
Superconducting magnetic energy storages
Storage always has an extra stage of energy conversion, with consequent energy losses, greatly increasing capital costs. One way around this is to export excess power to the power grid, drawing it back when needed. This appears to use the power grid as a battery but in fact is relying on conventional energy production through the grid during the night. However, since the grid always has a positive outflow, the result is exactly the same.

Electric power costs are highly dependant on the consumption per time of day, since plants must be built for peak power (not average power). Expensive gas-fired "peaking generators" must be used when base capacity is insufficient. Fortunately for solar, solar capacity parallels energy demand -since much of the electricity is for removing heat produced by too much solar energy (air conditioners)! This is less true in the winter. Wind power complements solar power since it can produce energy when there is no sunlight.

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Deployment of solar power to energy grids
Deployment of solar power depends largely upon local conditions and requirements. But as all industrialised nations share a need for electricity, it is clear that solar power will increasingly be used to supply a cheap, reliable electricity supply.

Several experimental photovoltaic (PV) power plants of 300 to 600 kW capacity are connected to electricity grids in Europe and the U.S. Other major research is investigating economic ways to store the energy which is collected from the sun's rays during the day.

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Africa
Africa is home to the over 9 million km² Sahara desert, whose overall capacity — assuming 50 MW/km² day/night/cloud average with 15% efficient photovoltaic panels — is over 450 TW, or over 4,000,000 terawatt-hours per year. The current global energy consumption by humans, including all oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, and hydroelectric, is pegged at about 13 TW.

[edit]
Australia
The largest solar power station in Australia is the 400kWp array at Singleton, New South Wales. Other significant solar arrays include the 220 kWp array on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands in South Australia, the 200kWp array at Queen Victoria Market in Melbourne and the 160kWp array at Kogerah Town Square in Sydney. Numerous smaller arrays have been established, mainly in remote areas where solar power is cost-competitive with diesel power.[21]

[edit]
Asia
As of 2004, Japan had 1200 MWe installed. Japan currently consumes about half of worldwide production of solar modules, mostly for grid connected residential applications.

In terms of overall installed PV capacity, India comes fourth after Japan, Germany, and the United States (Indian Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources 2002). Government support and subsidies have been major influences in its progress.[22] India's very long-term solar potential may be unparalleled in the world because it is one of the few places with an ideal combination of both high solar power reception and a large consumer base in the same place. India's theoretical solar potential is about 5000 TW·h per year (i.e. 600 GW), far more than its current total consumption.

In 2005, the Israeli government announced an international contract for building a 100 MW solar power plant to supply the electricity needs of more than 200,000 Israelis living in southern Israel. The plan may eventually allow the creation of a gigantic 500 MW power plant, making Israel a leader in solar power production.[23]

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Europe
The 10 megawatt Bavaria Solarpark in Germany is the world's largest solar electric system, covering 25 hectares (62 acres) with 57,600 photovoltaic panels. [24]

A large solar PV plant is planned for the island of Crete. Research continues into ways to make the actual solar collecting cells less expensive and more efficient.


The scientific solar furnace at Odeillo, French CerdagneA large parabolic reflector solar furnace is located in the Pyrenees at Odeillo, France. It is used for various research purposes.[25] Another site is the Loser in Austria.

The Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) in Spain, part of the Center for Energy, Environment and Technological Research (CIEMAT), is the largest center for research, development, and testing of concentrating solar technologies in Europe.[26]

In the United Kingdom, the tallest building in Manchester, the CIS Tower, was clad in photovoltaic panels at a cost of £5.5 million and started feeding electricity to the national grid on November 2005.[27]

On April 27, 2006, GE Energy Financial Services, PowerLight Corporation and Catavento Lda announced that they will build the world’s largest solar photovoltaic power project. The 11-megawatt solar power plant, comprising 52,000 photovoltaic modules, will be built at a single site in Serpa, Portugal, 200 kilometers (124 miles) southeast of Lisbon in one of Europe’s sunniest areas. [28]

[edit]
North America

A laundromat in California supplements water heating with solar panels on the roof.In some areas of the United States, solar electric systems are already competitive with utility systems. As of 2005, there is a list of technical conditions that factor into the economic feasibility of going solar: the amount of sunlight that the area receives; the purchase cost of the system; the ability of the system owner to sell power back to the electric grid; and most important, the competing power prices from the local utility. For example, a photovoltaic system installed in Boston, Massachusetts, produces 25% less electricity than it would in Albuquerque, New Mexico, but yields roughly the same savings on utility bills since electricity costs more in Boston.

In addition to these considerations, many states and regions offer substantial incentives to improve the economics for potential consumers. Congress recently adopted the first federal tax breaks for residential solar since 1985 -- temporary credits available for systems installed in 2006 or 2007. Homeowners can claim one federal credit of up to $2,000 to cover 30% of a photovoltaic system's cost and another 30% credit of up to $2,000 for a solar thermal system. Fifteen states also offer tax breaks for solar, and two dozen states offer direct consumer rebates.[29]

Solar One is a pilot solar-thermal project in the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California. It uses heliostats, and molten salts storage technology, to achieve longer periods of power generation.

Solar Two, also near Barstow, has now built and elaborated on the success of Solar One. It was an R&D project in Barstow, California, financed by the US federal Department of Energy. Solar Two used liquid salts as a storage medium in order to continue to provide energy for much of the time when sunlight is not available. Its success has lead to the larger Solar Tres project in Spain.

On August 11, 2005, Southern California Edison announced an agreement to purchase solar powered Stirling engines from Stirling Energy Systems over a twenty year period and in quantities (20,000 units) sufficient to generate 500 megawatts of electricity.[30] These systems — to be installed on a 4,500 acre (18 km²) solar farm — will use mirrors to direct and concentrate sunlight onto the engines which will drive generators. Less than a month later, Stirling Energy Systems announced another agreement with San Diego Gas & Electric to provide between 300 and 900 megawatts of electricity.[31]

The world's largest solar power plant is located in the Mojave Desert. Solel[32], an Israeli company, operates the plant, which consists of 1000 acres (4 km²) of solar reflectors. This plant produces 90% of the world's commercially produced solar power.

On January 12, 2006, the California Public Utilities Commission approved the California Solar Incentive Program[33], a comprehensive $2.8 billion program that provides incentives toward solar development over 11 years.

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Deployment of Solar power in transport
Development of a practical solar powered car has been an engineering goal for twenty years. The center of this development is the World Solar Challenge, a biannual solar powered car race over 3021 km through central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. The race's stated objective is to promote research into solar-powered cars. Teams from universities and enterprises participate. In 1987 when it was founded the winner's average speed was 67 km/h. By the 2005 race this had increased to a record average speed of 103 km/h.

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World solar power production
Total peak power of installed solar panels is around 5,300 MW as of the end of 2005. (IEA statistics appear to be underreported: they report 2,600 MW as of 2004, which with 1,700 installed in 2005 would be a cumulative total of 4,300 for 2005). These figures include only photovoltaic generated power and not that produced by other solar means. Inclusion of the U.S.'s solar reflector plants would double its total, putting it at the level of the second place country on the list.

Installed PV Power as of the end of 2004 [34] Country PV Capacity
Cumulative Installed in 2004
Off-grid PV [KW] Grid-connected [KW] Total [KW] Total [KW] Grid-tied [KW]
Japan 84,245 1,047,746 1,131,991 272,368 267,016
Germany 26,000 768,000 794,000 363,000 360,000
United States 189,600 175,600 365,200 90,000 62,000
Australia 48,640 6,760 52,300 6,670 780
Netherlands 4,769 44,310 49,079 3,162 3,071
Spain 14,000 23,000 37,000 10,000 8,460
Italy 12,000 18,700 30,700 4,700 4,400
France 18,300 8,000 26,300 5,228 4,183
Switzerland 3,100 20,000 23,100 2,100 2,000
Austria 2,687 16,493 19,180 2,347 1,833
Mexico 18,172 10 18,182 1,041 0
Canada 13,372 512 13,884 2,054 107
Korea 5,359 4,533 9,892 3,454 3,106
United Kingdom 776 7,386 8,164 2,261 2,197
Norway 6,813 75 6,888 273 0
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Large PV power plants
This list shows the largest photovoltaic plants in the world. For comparison, the largest solar plant, the solar reflector-based SEGS in California produces 350 MW and the largest nuclear power plants generate more than 1,000 MW.

World's largest PV power plants [35] DC Peak Power Location Description MW·h/year
11 MW* Serpa, Portugal 52,000 solar modules Press Release
6.3 MW Mühlhausen, Germany 57,600 solar modules 6,750 MW·h
5 MW Bürstadt, Germany 30,000 BP solar modules 4,200 MW·h
5 MW Espenhain, Germany 33,500 Shell solar modules 5,000 MW·h
4.59 MW Springerville, AZ, USA 34,980 BP solar modules 7,750 MW·h
4 MW Geiseltalsee, Merseburg, Germany 25,000 BP solar modules 3,400 MW·h
4 MW Gottelborn, Germany 50,000 solar modules (when completed) 8,200 MW·h (when completed)
4 MW Hemau, Germany 32,740 solar modules 3,900 MW·h
3.9 MW Rancho Seco, CA, USA n.a. n.a.
3.3 MW Dingolfing, Germany Solara, Sharp and Kyocera solar modules 3,050 MW·h
3.3 MW Serre, Italy 60,000 solar modules n.a.

Answer 2

1

Answer 3

Yes , however the initial cost may be high but it more than pays for itself in the long run. It will actually be free at one point when you have paid the installation off. The only costs you will have after you pay off the system is a small maintenance cost. Be sure you thourghly check out the system you purchase and the installation contractor. A poorly installed or underpowered system will cause you to wish you never got into solar home products. In some cases there are even tax write offs you can receive. Plan for the future and get a system that is 30% over your current needs. Your storage will be better and you can add appliances at a later date without rebuilding the system. Contractor should be a certified electrician who has worked with solar powered systems and kept up to date with training in the field. Check with other solar users before you install. Don't believe the power company hype that they are cheaper,remember if we all are solar powered their existance ( power companies) and product would be decreased. There goes their profits and their stock holders money. Utility companies are ripping off the consumers now and energy will be a rarer commodity in the future, leading to higher prices and the possibility of rolling blackouts and even daily periods of no power. When the carbon based fuels get harder to find and more expensive to supply the utility companies the prices will be astronomical. You should have a backup connection to a utility for periods when your system is down for maintenance. Remember you only pay for the killowatts you actually use( and the ridiculous taxes on energy) see that your provider does not bill you for power you don't use by having your electrician install your own meter in your basement beside your solar power meter and storage level meter and compare your usage to the bill you get for utility usage. You can power your entire living space. Heat, Air Conditioning,Appliances and Lighting with power to spare with a properly installed and properly maintained system.We have a five bedroom house with all the extras and have power to spare.We also installed a wind powered system 5 years so if solar is down for maintenance or a problem we still have power.Very rarely do we need to use utility company power and the best part is the utility must purchase our excess power when the wind mill is on.

Answer 4

Without a doubt!!!! About ten years ago I had a system of five solar panels, twelve batteries, and the necessary gauges, testers, inverters, etc. Living on a very small income, I built my system up over time, and used it for around five years until I had to move for work related reasons. Overall, I estimated that my cost was approximately $50 a month and decreasing over time. I also spent about an hour a day on my system. By the way, my estimation of cost includes purchase and set-up as well as maintenance.
With this system I was able to run a pump for my well, lights, TV, radio, and small appliances. (I did not have a computer at that time or I would have ran it too). Solar power only starts becoming expensive when you run large draw items like stoves, refrigerators, dryers, and electric heat. Even then, however, when you figure the rising cost of grid electricity solar power is still cheaper over the long run. The ONLY drawback is that you actually have to tend to your system rather than just pay your bill.
Oh, one other thing, after your system is installed you don't have to worry as much about power outages or disconnection notices.

Answer 5

Solar is extremely effective, particularly in the southwest where you have much sunlight. The problem is that the prices are marked up so high that few can afford it. On an individual level, it is not really cost effective yet, with the exception of calculators and landscaping lights. However, if there were serious incentives to develop and use solar technology at home and in commercial settings, we could have a very viable endless source of energy. It would be a wonderful relief for our environment because using solar energy does not produce harmful fumes, emissions or gasses.

Answer 6

Getting smaller solar devices around the house may not be particularly cost efficient. However, the overall benefits of solar power, IF we implemented it on a large scale cannot be argued. If you put enough solar panels up on your roof to run your household, you're going to pay 20 or 30 times more for the installation than you would for the utility bills you would otherwise pay. On the other hand, if a city or a state went to the panel manufacturer and told them to build enough for every building in that city or state and give us an 80% bulk discount because we just increased your production 10,000%+ at that point it would become affordable.

Daniel
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Answer 7

Well.....if you live in a sunny area you will get what these systems need...solar power! But if you are in a partially shaded area and do not want to cut down 80 year old trees, like me, it is not for you. Solar power will save you money if you do not have to spend money to get it started. My wife did an analysis, against my better judgment ) and found that it would take us about 12-15 years to eventually reap a financial benefit from this installation. This included taking out huge shade trees which is a very expensive process. One major plus is that many power companies will 'buy back' solar power from you. You can have the excess of what you use deducted from your bill, thus the 'sell it back' idea. But a properly situated, solar panel can run many household items and you would have to do your own cost benefit analysis to see if it would work for you.

Answer 8

oncentrating lens, possibly combined with a heliostat are used to concentrate light at a point (the focus). At the focus there might be placed a high-concentration of photovoltaic cells (solar cells) or a thermal energy 'receiver', such as those used in Stirling Engines.
Line focus. A parabolic trough or a series of long narrow mirrors are used to concentrate light along a line. The SEGS systems in California are an example of this type of system.
Non-focusing systems include solar domestic hot water systems and most photovoltaic cells. These systems have the advantage that they can make use of diffuse solar radiation (which can not be focused). However, if high temperatures are required, this type of system is usually not suitable, because of the lower radiation intensity. Solar water heating is arguably the most practical and econ

Answer 9

we have solar panels in our house, which seem to do a pretty good job. We have almost no energy bill. Solar panels are expensive to install and buy, but they do raise the price on your house and make your energy bill almost nonexistent. However in the future solar technology will be improved and will become cheaper. I read that scientists already have a prototype of a solar cell so tiny it's practically invisible. These solar cells when combined are something like paint, so they can replace the large solar panels, and also are much cheaper.

Answer 10

Solar energy is indeed effective. It is twice blest--it saves electric bills and also causes no pollution. Even if occasionally what with cloudy sky or rains,Sun is not available for exploitaton his overall availability is satisfactory. Wtth the developmen of solar storage batteries the position has further improved. True, the installation is quite costly but over a period the savings on electric bills would nertralise it. With more research it may be possible to bring down the installation cost to a reasonable proportion.The solar batteries at present are rather unwieldy. However, by and by they will be available in handy sizes and could be used in cars or even planes .

Answer 11

Solar technology is a pretty good alternative source of energy, but for now it is cost prohibitive. Purchase and installation of solar systems is extremely expensive and there are many mechanicalm moving parts within the system which need maintenance. Cost benefits of solar energy take more than 10 years to actualize, whereas with current technology most systems require maintenance every 7 years.