Stones less than 5 mm in size usually will pass spontaneously, with diclofenac usually providing effective pain management. However the majority of stones greater than 6 mm will require some form of intervention, especially so if the stone is stuck causing obstruction and infection of the urinary tract.
In many cases non-invasive Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy may be used. Otherwise some form of invasive procedure is required; with approaches including retrograde ureteral, percutaneous nephrolithotomy or open surgery, and using laser, ultrasonic and mechanical (pneumatic, shock-wave) forms of energy to fragment stones.
A single study at the Mayo clinic has suggested that Lithotripsy may increase subsequent incidence of diabetes and hypertension,[1] but it has not been felt warrented to change clinical practice at the clinic.[2]
Preventive strategies include dietary modifications and sometimes also taking drugs with the goal of reducing excretory load on the kidneys:[3]
Drinking enough water to make 2 to 2.5 litres of urine per day.
A diet low in protein, nitrogen and sodium intake.
Restriction of oxalate-rich foods and maintaining an adequate intake of dietary calcium is recommended. There is no convincing evidence that calcium supplements increase the risk of stone formation.
Taking drugs such as thiazides, potassium citrate and allopurinol depending on the cause of stone formation.
Certain foods may increase the risk of stones: spinach, chocolate, peanuts, cocoa, tomato juice, grapefruit juice, apple juice, soda (acidic and contains phosphorus) tea and coffee (high levels of oxalate). In the U.S., the South has the highest incidence of kidney stones, a region where sweet tea is the drink of choice. Other drinks are associated with decreased risk of stones, including wine, lemonade and orange juice. Although it has been said that the diuretic effects of alcohol can result in dehydration which is important for kidney stones sufferers to avoid, there are no data demonstrating an effect of it to increase the prevalence of stones. It is important to recognize that one of the recognized medical therapies for prevention of stones is thiazides, a class of drugs usually thought of as diuretic. These drugs prevent stones through an effect independent of their diuretic properties: they reduce urinary calcium. Nonetheless, their diuretic property does not preclude their successful use as stone preventive. Caffeine does acutely increase urinary calcium excretion, however coffee with its high oxalate content has been known to cause stones in some patients and should be used in extreme moderation.
A high protein diet may partly be to blame. Protein from meat and other animal products is broken down into acids. The most available alkaline base to balance the acid from protein is calcium from the bones. The kidney filters from the blood and stores the calcium particles which have bonded with the acids. When more meat is eaten, more calcium is found in the kidneys. Over time, and when not properly removed, these particles bind together to form stones. One of the simplest fixes is to moderate animal protein consumption.
2006-06-22 02:26:09
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answer #1
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answered by chiikibabe16 2
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goto the doctor sweety, if you are worried... and stay away from the BEACH for a while.....lol
2006-06-22 08:04:21
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answer #2
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answered by paulrb8 7
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