What is the quantum theory?

Answer 1

Quantum Theory is the theory of the very small.

It is the current best theory for chemistry and the explanation of physics at the atomic and subatomic level. It is called quantum theory because it is based on the energy quanta of a single electron. The basic theory is that all atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell, except for hydrogen and helium because the inner most shell can only hold two electrons; so hydrogen wants to have an extra electron and lithium wants to share its third electron. Helium is just right at two electrons; all the other Nobel Gasses have 8 electrons in their outer shell so they won’t chemically combine with other elements.

In water, H2O there are two hydrogen atoms that share their single electron with an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom wants to share two electrons to reach that magic number of 8 in it is outer shell. So H2O is a stable chemical compound while H1O doesn’t work the oxygen requires that second hydrogen atom.

Quantum Theory gets complicated when you try to describe what is going on, quantum physics and Newtonian physics don’t agree with each other. To make things more complicated quantum theory deals with probability. Unlike the Bohr model electrons don’t orbit the nucleus like planets do the sun; they orbit in a cloud of probability and can be located at any single point in that cloud. If you try to measure the speed or position of the electron then the tiny bit of energy you use to do that changes the system so you can never be certain where an electron really is (the Uncertainty Principle).

The theory of chemistry is laid out in the Periodic Table of elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
The actual position of each element on the table is based on how many electrons it has (and normal atoms have the same number of electrons as protons; ions have fewer or more electrons). If you know the period and group on the Periodic Table then you can determine what elements will combine and how to balance the equation (like you need twice as much hydrogen as oxygen to create water). Furthermore when new elements were predicted and created their behavior was predicted by the Periodic Table.

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics
“In physics, quantum mechanics is the study of the relationship between energy quanta (radiation) and matter, in particular that between valence shell electrons and photons. Quantum mechanics is a fundamental and necessary branch of physics with wide applications in both experimental and theoretical physics. Quantum theory generalizes all classical theories, including mechanics, electromagnetism (except general relativity), and provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained phenomena such as black body radiation and stable electron orbits.The effects of quantum mechanics are typically not observable on macroscopic scales, but become evident at the atomic and subatomic level.

The word “quantum” (Latin, “how much”) in quantum mechanics refers to a discrete unit that quantum theory assigns to certain physical quantities, such as the energy of an atom at rest. The discovery that waves have discrete energy packets (called quanta) that behave in a manner similar to particles led to the branch of physics that deals with atomic and subatomic systems which we today call quantum mechanics. It is the underlying mathematical framework of many fields of physics and chemistry, including condensed matter physics, solid-state physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, computational chemistry, quantum chemistry, particle physics, and nuclear physics. The foundations of quantum mechanics were established during the first half of the twentieth century by Werner Heisenberg, Max Planck, Louis de Broglie, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli, Richard Feynman and others. Some fundamental aspects of the theory are still actively studied.”

Answer 2

Quantum concept is the theoretical foundation of modern-day physics that explains the character and behaviour of rely and power on the atomic and subatomic point. In 1900, physicist Max Planck presented his quantum concept to the German actual Society. Planck had sought to discover the reason that radiation from a sparkling physique transformations in shade from purple, to orange, and, finally, to blue as its temperature rises. He chanced on that by utilising making the concept power existed in individual instruments interior an identical way that rely does, somewhat than only as a persevering with electromagnetic wave - as have been previously assumed - and replaced into subsequently quantifiable, he ought to uncover the reply to his question. The existence of those instruments grew to grow to be the 1st assumption of quantum concept.

Answer 3

The scientists were intrigued with of the equations that describe the radiation of a black body to show that the frequancia of the emitted light was infinite, while the experiences showed that it increased and later diminished. To skirt this discrepancy, they had assumed qua the light not if propagav of form continues, atrvés of energy packages, or either, the light can be counted, quantizada, from there the quantum name. It forgives the English. It is that I am of Brazil!

Answer 4

It is the theory, central to most of modern physics, which states that what we commonly perceive as continuous variables, e.g. the energy of light, is in fact discrete, and can only be satisfactorily modeled as behaving as if it exists in distinct levels, known as 'quanta'. A large, and densely mathematical, corpus of knowledge has been built up about this central idea. Many of its predictions, although repeatedly confirmed by experiment, are deeply counter-intuitive, such as the notion that a system can be in two simultaneous states and will only collapse to one upon direct measurement.

Answer 5

You have some pretty good explanations here. In addition, you should research Richard Feynman, ErwinShrodinger, Neils Bohr, Heisenberg (uncertainty principle).... you will find all your answers here.