I Am Having a Scientific Breakdownnnnn!!?

Question

kinda long question... been looking everywhere but i cannot find it
i need a list of hydrolytic breakdown products of complete carbs, proteins. and lipid digestion... as well as the enzymes facilitating this process...
if you cant answer all. at least help me with some of it

Answer 1

Best place to find this answer is in the digestion/GI part of an anatomy & physiology text.
Digestion starts in the mouth with salivary amylase and other enzymes. which starts the chemical breakdown of polysaccharides such as starch into disaccharides such as maltose.
In the stomach: hydrochloric acid (the acid provides an optimum pH for the reaction of the enzyme pepsin)

enzymes that break down proteins
In the small intestine:
pancreatic amylase and juices( It contains a variety of enzymes. They include trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and amylase.)
bile which emulsifies fats to allow absorption
intestinal enzymes of the alkaline mucosal membranes. The enzymes include: maltase, lactase and sucrase, to process sugars; trypsin and chymotrypsin are also added in the small intestine.

SUGAR?CARBOHYDRATES: The digestive system starts the process of breaking down polysaccharides in the mouth through the introduction of amylase, a digestive enzyme in saliva. The high acid content of the stomach inhibits the enzyme activity, so carbohydrate digestion is suspended in the stomach. Upon emptying into the small intestines, potential hydrogen (pH) changes dramatically from a strong acid to an alkaline content. The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the acid from the stomach, and the mucus secreted in the tissue lining the intestines is alkaline which promotes digestive enzyme activity. Amylase is present in the small intestines and works with other enzymes to complete the breakdown of carbohydrate into a monosaccharide which is absorbed into the surrounding capillaries of the villi.

LIPIDS: The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones which stimulate the release of lipase from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder. The lipase (activated by acid) breaks down the fat into monoglycerides and fatty acids. The bile emulsifies the fatty acids so they may be easily absorbed.
Short- and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein just as other absorbed nutrients do. However, long chain fatty acids are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries. Instead they are absorbed into the fatty walls of the intestine villi and reassembled again into triglycerides. The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron.

PROTEINS: Proteins are digested into smaller & smaller units and finally result in amino acids via the various enzymes above.

WHEW!

Answer 2

Hydrolytic breakdown would be the chemical breakdown of a substance by a reaction with water. In photosynthesis light and carbon are combined and the water is broken down to create glucose (sugar) which the plant then uses to build and run itself, oxygen is given off as a waste gas. Glucose is a hydrocarbon that is important for life. Hydrolytic breakdown is important in the Critic Cycle and the creation of ATP.

I can’t find anything about a specific enzyme related to the reaction, but check out which enzymes are needed to create ATP and they should be it. The sources I have cited should give you some additional clues.

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis
“Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers. Water is added in this reaction.

In organic chemistry, hydrolysis can be considered as the reverse or opposite of condensation, a reaction in which two molecular fragments are joined for each water molecule produced. As hydrolysis may be a reversible reaction, condensation and hydrolysis can take place at the same time, with the position of equilibrium determining the amount of each product.”

In inorganic chemistry, the word is often applied to solutions of salts and the reactions by which they are converted to new ionic species or to precipitates (oxides, hydroxides, or salts). The addition of a molecule of water to a chemical compound, without forming any other products is usually known as hydration, rather than hydrolysis.

In biochemistry, hydrolysis is considered the reverse or opposite of dehydration synthesis. In hydrolysis, a water molecule (H2O), is added. Where as in dehydration synthesis, a molecule of water is removed….

Cellulolytic is relating to or causing the hydrolysis of cellulose (i.e. cellulolytic bacteria, fungi or enzymes).

The hydrolysis into glucose (i.e. of cellulose or starch) is called saccharification.”

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulase
“Cellulase refers to a class of enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze the cellulolysis(or hydrolysis of cellulose). However, there are also cellulases produced by other types of organisms such as plants and animals. Several different kinds of cellulases are known, which differ structurally and mechanistically.”

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate
“Carbohydrates are hydrolysed into simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose.”

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration_synthesis
“A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.[1] When this small molecule is water, it is known as a dehydration reaction; other possible small molecules lost are hydrogen chloride, methanol, or acetic acid….

This type of reaction is used as a basis for the making of many important polymers for example: nylon, polyester and other condensation polymers and various epoxies. It is also the basis for the laboratory formation of silicates and polyphosphates. The reactions that form acid anhydrides from their constituent acids are typically condensation reactions. Other organic condensation reactions are Aldol condensations, self-condensation, the acyloin condensation and the benzoin condensation.

Many biological transformations are condensation reactions. Polypeptide synthesis, polyketide synthesis, terpene syntheses, phosphorylation, and glycosylations are a few examples.”

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide_synthesis
“Protein biosynthesis (synthesis) is the process in which cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription which are then used for translation. Protein biosynthesis, although very similar, differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.”