Can Someone Explain Protein Synthesis To Me?

Question

I'm in 9th grade biology and I have a test on protein synthesis tomorrow. I don't understand it! Can someone explain translation, transcription, and the different RNAs? Oh and why the heck this process is for?

Answer 1

Process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins.

This process can be divided into two parts:

1. Transcription
Before the synthesis of a protein begins, the corresponding RNA molecule is produced by RNA transcription. One strand of the DNA double helix is used as a template by the RNA polymerase to synthesize a messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. During this step, mRNA goes through different types of maturation including one called splicing when the non-coding sequences are eliminated. The coding mRNA sequence can be described as a unit of three nucleotides called a codon.

2. Translation
The ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognized only by the initiator tRNA. The ribosome proceeds to the elongation phase of protein synthesis. During this stage, complexes, composed of an amino acid linked to tRNA, sequentially bind to the appropriate codon in mRNA by forming complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon. The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the mRNA. Amino acids are added one by one, translated into polypeptidic sequences dictated by DNA and represented by mRNA. At the end, a release factor binds to the stop codon, terminating translation and releasing the complete polypeptide from the ribosome.

One specific amino acid can correspond to more than one codon. The genetic code is said to be degenerate.


(mRNA= messenger RNA , molecule of RNA encoding a chemical blueprint for a protein product. it is transcribes from a DNA template and carries encoding information to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place.genetic information is encoded in the sequence of four nucleotides arranged into codons of three bases each. Each codon encodes for a specific amino acid, except the stop codons that terminate protein synthesis for this tRNA (transfer RNA) and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) are needed.
tRNA=transfer RNA: mediates recognition of the codon and provieds the corresponding amino acid
rRNA=ribosomal RNA: central component of the ribosome's protein manufacturing machinery.

for more specific info on mRNA, tRNA and rRNA go to these following sites:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRNA

Answer 2

Explain Protein Synthesis

Answer 3

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Steps in Protein Synthesis: STEP 1: The first step in protein synthesis is the transcription of mRNA from a DNA gene in the nucleus. At some other prior time, the various other types of RNA have been synthesized using the appropriate DNA. The RNAs migrate from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Prior to the beginning of the protein synthesis, all of the component parts are assembled in the ribosome. STEP 2: Initiation: In the cytoplasm, protein synthesis is actually initiated by the AUG codon on mRNA. The AUG codon signals both the interaction of the ribosome with m-RNA and also the tRNA with the anticodons (UAC). The tRNA which initiates the protein synthesis has N-formyl-methionine attached. The formyl group is really formic acid converted to an amide using the -NH2 group on methionine (left most graphic) The next step is for a second tRNA to approach the mRNA (codon - CCG). This is the code for proline. The anticodon of the proline tRNA which reads this is GGC. The final process is to start growing peptide chain by having amine of proline to bond to the carboxyl acid group of methinone (met) in order to elongate the peptide. STEP 3: Elongation: Elongation of the peptide begins as various tRNA's read the next codon. In the example on the left the next tRNA to read the mRNA is tyrosine. When the correct match with the anticodons of a tRNA has been found, the tyrosine forms a peptide bond with the growing peptide chain . The proline is now hydrolyzed from the tRNA. The proline tRNA now moves away from the ribosome and back into the cytoplasm to reattach another proline amino acid. Step 4: Elongation and Termination: When the stop signal on mRNA is reached, the protein synthesis is terminated. The last amino acid is hydrolyzed from its t-RNA. The peptide chain leaves the ribosome. The N-formyl-methionine that was used to initiate the protein synthesis is also hydrolyzed from the completed peptide at this time. The ribosome is now ready to repeat the synthesis several more times. Hope this helps.

Answer 4

Protein synthesis is the process of building proteins out of chains of amino acids. To synthesize means to make or to build.

Transcription happens first:
1. The DNA opens up in the area of the gene.
2. RNA nucleotides match the opened nitrogen bases on DNA. RNA's C matches DNA's G, G matches C, A matches T. But RNA can't put a T to match DNA's A because RNA never has thymine. It has uracil instead. So every time DNA says A, RNA matches with a U. (memory trick AU - AUstralia).
3. Once this string of RNA is completely formed to match the gene, enzymes loosen it from the DNA. The DNA closes back up.
4. The RNA, which is mRNA, goes out of the nucleus through pores in the nuclear envelope and finds a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Translation is the part where the mRNA code is read and the protein is built:
1. Each set of 3 bases on the string of mRNA is called a codon. It is the code for a certain amino acid to be added to the growing protein.
2. tRNA is in the cytoplasm. tRNA has an anticodon on one end - made out of three nitrogen bases. The other end of the tRNA holds a certain amino acid. Each tRNA can only pick up and carry a particular amino acid.
3. As the mRNA's codon is "read" at the ribosome, the matching tRNA's anticodon fits the codon, just like a jigsaw puzzle. The first codon is always AUG, so the anticodon must say UAC.
4. The tRNA with the UAC anticodon has an amino acid at its other end .. in this case it's methionine.
5. The next mRNA codon is read, and a second tRNA with a matching anticodon fits into place. The second amino acid is joined to the first amino acid, and the first tRNA is free to go. The second tRNA stays there until the third tRNA arrives, and so on.
6. This continues until the mRNA reaches a "Stop" codon. At this point, the protein is released, and it folds up and goes about its business.

See animations and explanations here for more help:
http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=A0geu7OI7WpHpvUAHNdXNyoA?ei=UTF-8&p=protein%20synthesis&fr2=tab-web&fr=ks-ans

Answer 5

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RE:
Can Someone Explain Protein Synthesis To Me?
I'm in 9th grade biology and I have a test on protein synthesis tomorrow. I don't understand it! Can someone explain translation, transcription, and the different RNAs? Oh and why the heck this process is for?

Answer 6

That complementary strand is mRNA, the "message" - it is exported from the nucleus. A ribosome binds to one end of the message and scans for a start codon (sequence AUG). The cytoplasm contains a variety of small RNAs called transfer RNAs (tRNAs) that bind a particular amino acid at one end, and at the other end they have a specific sequence (anticodon) complementary to the codons of mRNA. For example, a Methionine-binding tRNA has an anticodon sequence, 3' CAU 5' which base pairs with the start codon in mRNA (Met is the first amino acid of a protein, although it is sometimes removed) There are different tRNAs for each possible mRNA codon (with some "wobble") and they each bind particular amino acids. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, from the start on down, three bases at a time (one codon). It enables base pairing of tRNAs, one per codon, one at a time, to the mRNA. As each tRNA binds, it brings in its bound amino acid, and the ribosome catalyzes formation of a peptide bond between the new amino acid and the previous one. Thus a chain of amino acids (a protein) is formed based on the codon sequence of the mRNA. Because the ribosome begins binding tRNAs only when it finds a start codon on the message, the start codon sets the "reading frame" - it determines how the base sequence of the message will be broken into threes (codons) and translated into an amino acid sequence.

Answer 7

three codons ribosome to stop producing the amino acid chain

Answer 8

-- Protein Biosynthesis = the process for cells to build proteins. It can refer to only protein translation, but often refers to the entire process.
-- Translation = The 2nd stage of protein biosynthesis. It occurs in the cytoplasm part of the cell where the ribosomes are located RNA is used to produce polypeptides.
-- Transcription = The process to convert DNA into RNA with enzymes.
-- mRNA carries the blueprint of the proteins.
-- rRNA converts mRNA into Amino Acids.
-- tRNA transfers a specific amino acid to a polypeptide chain (a chain of amino acids).

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis
“Protein biosynthesis (synthesis) is the process in which cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription which are then used for translation. Protein biosynthesis, although very similar, differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes…

Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: Initiation, Elongation and Termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure the correct gene is transcribed in response to appropriate signals…

Protein translation involves the transfer of information from the mRNA into a peptide, composed of amino acids. This process is mediated by the ribosome, with the adaptation of the RNA sequence into amino acids mediated by transfer RNA. Numerous initation and elongation factors also play a role.

Translation requires a lot of energy, with the hydrolysis of approximately 4 NTP → NDP per amino acid added. (This includes the aminoacylation of the tRNA. Thus, gene expression is highly regulated to ensure that only proteins that are required are translated.
Translation involves 3 processes: initiation, elongation, and termination.”

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_%28genetics%29
“Translation is the second stage of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located. Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit which surrounds the mRNA. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the genetic code. This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein. Translation is necessarily preceded by transcription. Translation proceeds in four phases: activation, initiation, elongation and termination (all describing the growth of the amino acid chain, or polypeptide that is the product of translation).”

According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_%28genetics%29
“Transcription is the process by which genetic information from DNA is transferred into RNA. DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by RNA polymerase to produce a complementary nucleotide RNA strand.”

mRNA = Messenger RNA
According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA
“Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein. In mRNA as in DNA, genetic information is encoded in the sequence of four nucleotides arranged into codons of three bases each. Each codon encodes for a specific amino acid, except the stop codons that terminate protein synthesis. This process requires two other types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, while Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the central component of the ribosome's protein manufacturing machinery.”

rRNA = Ribosome RNA
According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA
“Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), a type of RNA synthesized in the nucleolus by RNA polymerase I, is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. The function of the rRNA is to provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity.”

tRNA = Transfer RNA
According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA
“Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA), first hypothesized by Francis Crick, is a small RNA chain (73-93 nucleotides) that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has a 3' terminal site for amino acid attachment. This covalent linkage is catalyzed by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. It also contains a three base region called the anticodon that can base pair to the corresponding three base codon region on mRNA. Each type of tRNA molecule can be attached to only one type of amino acid, but because the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons may also carry the same amino acid.”