can a rhyolite rock turn into any sedimentary rock?

Question

example: can rhyolite turn into siltstone or is there a direct correspondence to another sedimentary rock?

Answer 1

The type of clastic sedimentary rock depends on the amount of weathering. Therefore if a rhyolite was weathered enough, it could become a siltstone.

Answer 2

It's pretty rare that a single parent rock type is the only source for a sediment.

During erosion, there is a general trend from big chunks to fine bits as the process proceeds (blocks and cobbles go to silt and clay). Of course, smaller material is produced along with the bigger chunks, just like you get some sandy material and powder when you hammer on a rock to get a big hand specimen.

Some minerals, like quartz, only experience physical erosion (the quartz grains become progressively smaller with time). Others, like feldspar, also react chemically to form other minerals such as clays. The rates of destruction of the various components of the primary rock are not the same.

In short, yes a rhyolite can turn into a siltstone (and also a cobblestone/conglomerate, sandstone, and shale), but the siltstone is unlikely to be just from the rhyolite, and not all of the rhyolite goes into the siltstone.

Turning to the primary question, can Rhyolite rock turn into any sedimentary rock?, the answer is really no, in this sense. Limestone is composed primarily of carbonate minerals, generally calcite. Rhyolite coesn't contain much primary carbon so that half of the carbonate doesn't come from the rhyolite. Rhyolite also doesn't normally contain a lot of calcium (or magnesium) so the cation part of the carbonate also doesn't come primarily from rhyolite. There are essentially no carbonate minerals in normal unaltered rhyolite, so rhyolite is not responsible for direct transfer of carbonate via physical erosion either.

However, limestone is rarely pure carbonate. Instead, there is usually some detritus in the limestone as well (clay, silt, and even sand). This part of the limestone could come from the erosion of a rhyolite, in the same way as described near the beginning of this answer.

I am sure this is way more than you wanted to know but I thought it might be helpful.