Southwest Asia?

Question

1.) Why did Iran attack Iran in1980?

2.) What is the main conflict between Israeli and Arab?

Answer 1

Homework?

Look it up yourself!

Answer 2

1.ran-Iraq War
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Iran-Iraq War

Iranian soldier with gas mask in the battlefield
Date 22 September 1980–20 August 1988
Location Persian Gulf, Iranian-Iraqi border
Result Stalemate; Strategic Iraqi failure; Tactical Iranian failure; United Nations-mandated cease-fire; status quo ante bellum; Iraq's condemnation by the UN; Iran temporarily holds onto the Shatt al-Arab waterway
Territorial
changes Both sides withdraw to pre-war borders
Combatants
Flag of Iran Iran
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Flag of Iraq Iraq
People's Mujahedin of Iran
Commanders
Flag of Iran Ruhollah Khomeini
Flag of Iran Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Flag of Iran Ali Shamkhani
Flag of Iran Mostafa Chamran † Flag of Iraq Saddam Hussein
Flag of Iraq Ali Hassan al-Majid
Strength
305,000 soldiers
700,000 Pasdaran and Basij militia
900 tanks
1,000 armored vehicles
1,000 artillery pieces
70 aircraft
750 helicopters[1] 190,000 soldiers
5,000 tanks
4,000 armored vehicles
7,330 artillery pieces
500+ aircraft,
100+ helicopters[2]
Casualties
Est. 750,000-1000,000 soldiers/militia/civilians killed or wounded Est. 375,000-400,000 soldiers/militia/civilians killed or wounded
[show]
v • d • e
Iran-Iraq War
Dezful -Abadan - Undeniable Victory - Khorramshahr - Samen-ol-A'emeh - Jerusalem Way - Jerusalem - Ramadan - Before the Dawn - Dawn 1 - Dawn 2 - Dawn 3 - Dawn 4 - Dawn V - Dawn 6 - Marshes - Kheibar - Badr - Cities - 1st Al Faw - Dawn 8 - Karbala 4 - Karbala-5 - Karbala-6 - Karbala Ten - Nasr 4 - Halabja - Zafar 7 - 2nd Al Faw - Mersad

Related U.S. operations
Earnest Will - Prime Chance - Eager Glacier - Nimble Archer - Praying Mantis
[show]
v • d • e
Recent wars in the

Persian Gulf
Iran-Iraq War – Gulf War – Iraq War

The Iran-Iraq War, also known as the Iraqi Imposed War (جنگ تحمیلی, Jang-e-tahmīlī), Holy Defense (دفاع مقدس, Defa-e-moghaddas) and Iranian Revolutionary War in Iran, and Saddām's Qādisiyyah (قادسيّة صدّام, Qādisiyyat Saddām) in Iraq, was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988. It was commonly referred to as the Persian Gulf War until the Iraq-Kuwait conflict of (1990–91), and for a while thereafter as the First Persian Gulf War. The Iraq-Kuwait conflict, while originally known as the Second Persian Gulf War, later became known simply as the Persian Gulf War.

The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on 22 September 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency influenced by Khomeini's Islamic republic. Although the Iraqis attacked without formal warning, they failed to make progress and were soon repelled by the Iranians. Despite several calls for a ceasefire by the United Nations Security Council, hostilities continued until 20 August 1988; the last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003. The war altered regional and even global politics.

The war is also noted for being very similar to World War I. Tactics used included trench warfare, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, use of barbed wire, human wave attacks and Iraq's extensive use of chemical weapons (such as mustard gas) against Iranian troops and civilians as well as Iraqi Kurds. It is believed that more than a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers as well as civilians died in the war with many more injured and wounded.
Contents
2."Votre encyclopedie est une bible de la connaisance" — Cedric PETERSON [Hide this message]
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Arab-Israeli conflict
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Arab-Israeli conflict

Israel and members of the Arab League
Arab League Israel
Have been at war with Israel Gaza Strip and West Bank
Date Early 20th century-present
Location Greater Middle East
Result Ongoing
Combatants


Arab nations

Israel
Arab-Israeli conflict series

* History of the Arab-Israeli conflict
* Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict
* International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict
* Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics

Participants

Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel, Palestine and the United Nations · Iran-Israel relations · Israel-United States relations · Boycott of Israel
Peace treaties and proposals

Israel-Egypt · Israel-Jordan
[show]
v • d • e
Arab-Israeli conflict
Riots (1920) – Jaffa riots (1921) – Riots (1929) – Arab revolt (1936–1939) – Civil War (1947-1948) – Arab-Israeli War (1948–1949) – Suez Crisis (1956) – Six-Day War (1967) – War of Attrition (1968–1970) – Yom Kippur War (1973) – South Lebanon conflict (1978) – Lebanon War (1982) – South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) – First Intifada (1987–1991) – Gulf War (1990–1991) – Second Intifada (2000–ongoing) – Lebanon War (2006)

The Arab-Israeli conflict (Arabic: الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي, Hebrew: הסכסוך הישראלי ערבי‎) spans roughly one century of political tensions and open hostilities. It involves the establishment of the modern State of Israel, as well as the establishment and independence of several Arab countries at the same time, and the relationship between the Arab nations and Israel (see related Israeli-Palestinian conflict).
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Scope of the conflict
* 2 History of the conflict
o 2.1 End of 19th century-1948
o 2.2 1949-June 11, 1967
o 2.3 June 12, 1967-1973
o 2.4 1974-2000
o 2.5 2000-present
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading
* 5 External links
o 5.1 Government and official sources
o 5.2 Regional media
o 5.3 Think tanks and strategic analysis
o 5.4 Peace proposals
o 5.5 Maps
o 5.6 General sources
* 6 See also

[edit] Scope of the conflict

See also: History of the Middle East

Some uses of the term Middle East conflict refer to this matter; however, the region has been host to other conflicts not involving Israel (see List of conflicts in the Middle East).

Despite involving a relatively small land area and number of casualties,[1][2] the conflict has been the focus of worldwide media and diplomatic attention for decades. Many countries, individuals and non-governmental organizations elsewhere in the world feel involved in this conflict for reasons such as cultural and religious ties with Islam, Arab culture, Christianity, Judaism or Jewish culture, or for ideological, human rights, strategic or financial reasons.

Some consider the Arab-Israeli conflict a part of (or a precursor to) a wider clash of civilizations between the Western World and the Arab or Muslim world.[3][4] Others claim that the religious dimension is a relatively new matter in this conflict.[5] This conflict has engendered animosities igniting numerous attacks on and by supporters (or perceived supporters) of opposing sides in countries throughout the world.

[edit] History of the conflict

Main article: History of the Arab-Israeli conflict

[edit] End of 19th century-1948

Before World War I, Palestine was, as was the Middle East region, a part of the Ottoman Empire. Tensions between the native Arab population of Palestine and the small, but growing, Jewish settler population in the area were on the increase towards the end of the 19th century.

After World War I the area came under British rule as the British mandate of Palestine. Jewish immigration to Palestine increased. This together with the dire economic situation in the land, as a result of internal factors and as a result of the world-wide economic difficulties, led to a large Arab immigration and further increased tensions in the region.[6][7] These led to riots and general civil unrest.

The situation was at a boiling point by 1939. However, with the winds of war in the air, the issue was put on hold for the duration of the war. At the end of World War II, Britain wanted a resolution of the problem. It referred the issue to the United Nations. Its solution was a two-state solution. The UN partition plan [8] was approved by the United Nations in November 1947 by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions, but was rejected by Palestinian Arabs and the Arab states which constituted the Arab League.
The main differences between the 1947 partition proposal and 1949 armistice lines are highlighted in light red and magenta
The main differences between the 1947 partition proposal and 1949 armistice lines are highlighted in light red and magenta

Israel declared its independence on 14 May 1948. Almost immediately the Arab League countries Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq declared war on Israel and invaded the territory of the British Mandate in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Israel managed to successfully defend itself. The War came to an end with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and each of its Arab neighbors. In relation to the UN Partition Plan, Israel's territory after the armistice agreements was considerably greater than that allocated to the Jewish State by the UN partition plan.

[edit] 1949-June 11, 1967

In 1956, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.[9][10] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping.[11]

Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British and French support. During the Suez Canal Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The United States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire.[11][12] Israel agreed to withdraw from Egyptian territory. Egypt agreed to freedom of navigation in the region and the demilitarization of the Sinai. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created and deployed to oversee the demilitarization. [13]. The UNEF was only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.[14]

On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[15] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula.[16] It again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[17][18] returning the region to the pre-1956 status quo.

On May 30, 1967, Jordan entered into the mutual defense pact between Egypt and Syria. In response, on June 5 Israel sent almost all of its planes on a preemptive mission in Egypt. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) destroyed most of the surprised Egyptian Air Force, then turned east to pulverize the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.[19] This strike was the crucial element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War.[16][18]

[edit] June 12, 1967-1973

In the summer of 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be:

* No recognition of the State of Israel.
* No peace with Israel.
* No negotiations with Israel.[20]

In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, with the goal of exhausting Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula.[21] The war ended following Nasser's death in 1970.

On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, overwhelming the surprised Israeli military.[22][23] The Yom Kippur War accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war, secured a ceasefire on October 25.[22][23]

[edit] 1974-2000

Egypt

Following the Camp David Accords of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty in March, 1979. Under its terms, the Sinai Peninsula returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip remained under Israeli control, to be included in a future Palestinian state.

Jordan

In October, 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of hostilities, and a resolution of other unsorted issues.

Iraq

In June, 1981, Israel successfully attacked and destroyed newly built Iraqi nuclear facilities in Operation Opera.

During the Gulf War, Iraq fired 39 missiles into Israel, in the hopes of uniting the Arab world against the coalition which sought to liberate Kuwait. At the behest of the United States, Israel did not respond to this attack in order to prevent a greater outbreak of war.

Lebanon

In 1970, following an extended civil war, King Hussein expelled the PLO from Jordan. The PLO resettled in Lebanon, whence it staged raids into Israel. In 1981, Syria, allied with the PLO, positioned missiles in Lebanon. In June, 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon. Within two months, the PLO agreed to withdraw thence.

In March, 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement. However, Syria pressured President Amin Gemayel into nullifying the truce in March, 1984. By 1985, Israeli forces had mostly withdrawn from Lebanon, and Israel completed its withdrawal in May 2000, leaving behind a power vacuum which Syria and Hezbollah soon filled.[24]

Palestinians

In 1987, the First Intifada began. The PLO was excluded from negotiations to resolve it until it recognized Israel and renounced terrorism the following year. In 1993, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords, and their Declaration of Principles, which, together with the Road map for peace, have been loosely used as the guidelines for Israeli-Palestinian relations since.

[edit] 2000-present

As a response to the al-Aqsa Intifada, Israel raided facilities in major urban centers in the West Bank in 2002. Violence again swept through the region. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon began a policy of unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2003. This policy was fully implemented in August, 2005.[25]

In July, 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed eight Israeli soldiers, and kidnapped two others, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War.[26] A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006, officially ending the conflict.[27]

On September 6, 2007, in Operation Orchard, Israel bombed a northern Syrian complex which was suspected of holding nuclear missiles from North Korea.[28]

[edit] References

1. ^ Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century in Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century, compiled by Matthew White
2. ^ Casualties in Arab-Israeli Wars Jewish Virtual Library, based on OnWar - Armed Conflict Israel 1948-1999)
3. ^ Abdel Mahdi Abdallah (Dec. 2003), More specifically, author Edward Said affirms his belief that if a solution can be fo