Why was 1857 a turning point in Indian history? WHAT happened that year and HOW did it change indian history?

Question

Why was 1857 a turning point in Indian history? WHAT happened that year and HOW did it change indian history?

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Answer 1

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Indian Rebellion of 1857
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Indian Rebellion of 1857
Part of Indian independence movement

An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against East India Company rule
Location India (cf. 1857) [2]
Result Rebellion Suppressed,
End of Company Rule in India
Control taken by the British Crown
Territorial
changes status quo ante bellum
Combatants
Rebellious East India Company Sepoys,
7 Indian princely states,
deposed rulers of Oudh, Jhansi and smaller states in region,
Civilians from rebellious regions.
British Army
East India Company's Sepoys Native Irregulars and British regulars,
Princely states aiding the British
Nepal
Commanders
Nana Sahib
Mirza Mughal
Bakht Khan
Rani Lakshmi Bai
Tantya Tope
Kunwar Singh Commander-in-Chief, India:
George Anson (to May 1857)
Sir Patrick Grant
Sir Colin Campbell from (August 1857)
Jang Bahadur[1]
[show]
India 1857
Badli-ki-Serai – Delhi – Agra – 1st Cawnpore – Chinhat – 1st Lucknow – 2nd Cawnpore – 2nd Lucknow – Central India
History of South Asia and History of India

Stone Age 70,000–3300 BCE
• Mehrgarh Culture • 7000–3300 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization 3300–1700 BCE
Late Harappan Culture 1700–1300 BCE
Vedic period 1500–500 BCE
Iron Age 1200–300 BCE
• Maha Janapadas • 700–300 BCE
• Magadha Empire • 545–320 BCE
• Maurya Empire • 321–184 BCE
Middle Kingdoms 230 BCE–1279 CE
• Satavahana Empire • 230 BCE–199 CE
• Kushan Empire • 60–240
• Gupta Empire •280–550
• Pala Empire • 750–1174
• Chola Empire • 250 BCE–1070
Islamic Sultanates 1206–1596
• Delhi Sultanate • 1206–1526
• Deccan Sultanates • 1490–1596
Hoysala Empire 1040–1346
Kakatiya Empire 1083–1323
Vijayanagara Empire 1336–1565
Mughal Empire 1526–1857
Maratha Empire 1674–1818
Sikh Confederacy 1716–1849
British India 1858–1947
Modern States 1947 onwards
Nation histories
Bangladesh • Bhutan • Republic of India
Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
Regional histories
Bengal • Himachal Pradesh • Orissa
Pakistani Regions • North India • South India • Tibet
Specialised histories
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Indian Mutiny.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Hindi: 1857 का प्रथम भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम) was a period of armed uprising against expansion of the British East India Company control in India between early 1857 and mid 1858. The period and events are also often referred to as (in alphabetical order) the First War of Indian Independence, Indian Mutiny, or Sepoy Mutiny. These uprisings were mainly concentrated in north central India, with some outbreaks elsewhere. The first signs of brewing discontent, involving incidents of Incendiarism in cantonment areas, began to appear in January 1857.

Mutinies of Indian troops serving in the East India Company's army, such as at Vellore in 1806 were not unprecedented. There were also several previous battles between the Company and local rulers such as Rani Chennamma of Keladi and Tipu Sultan of Mysore, as well as previous popular uprisings such as the Sannyasi Rebellion of the 1780s.

All these events were, however, limited to a relatively small area, within a town or at the most a few districts. What was unprecedented was the escalation from purely localized conflicts to a large scale rebellion, which broke out in May 1857.

This rebellion brought about the end of both the East India Company's rule in India, and the Mughal Empire replacing it with direct rule by the British government (British Raj) of much of the Indian subcontinent for the next 90 years, although few hundred states retained nominal independence under their respective Nawabs and Rajas, or kings.[2]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Brief history of British expansion in India
* 2 Causes
* 3 Start of the Rebellion
o 3.1 Mangal Pandey
o 3.2 3rd Light Cavalry at Meerut
* 4 Support and opposition
* 5 The Revolt
o 5.1 Initial stages
o 5.2 Delhi
o 5.3 Cawnpore (Kanpur)
o 5.4 Lucknow
o 5.5 Jhansi
o 5.6 Punjab
+ 5.6.1 Jhelum
o 5.7 Murree and Hazara
o 5.8 Other areas
* 6 Aftermath
o 6.1 Retaliation — "The Devil's Wind"
o 6.2 Reorganisation
* 7 Debate over name of conflict
* 8 Debate over the national character of the rebellion
* 9 In popular culture
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
* 12 See also
* 13 External links

[edit] Brief history of British expansion in India

The British East India Company won the power of Diwani in Bengal after winning the Battle of Plassey in 1757, under Robert Clive. Their victory in the Battle of Buxar in 1764 won them the Nizamat of Bengal as well. Following the Permanent Settlement of Bengal shortly thereafter, the Company began to vigorously expand its area of control in India.

In 1845 the Company managed to extend its control over Sindh province after the gruelling and bloody campaign of Charles Napier (of 'Peccavi' fame). In 1848 the Second Anglo-Sikh War took place and the Company gained control of the Punjab as well in 1849, after the British India Army won a hard-fought victory against the Khalsa Army, who were alleged to have been betrayed by the Kashmiri Dogra Ministers Lal Singh and Gulab Singh. Lal Singh was a Sikh and not a Dogra while Gulab Singh was not a minister of the Lahore government but hereditary ruler of Jammu, an allied princely state. None of the other Sikh princely rulers assisted the Lahore government. To show their appreciation the British made Gulab Singh the Maharaja of Kashmir which was then part of the Punjab province. Gulab Singh was already a maharaja of Jammu and Ladakh and the British sold him the province of Kashmir for 75 lakhs. In 1853 the adopted son of Baji Rao the last Maratha Peshwa, Nana Sahib was denied his titles and his pension was stopped.

In 1854 Berar was annexed as was the state of Awadh/Oudh two years later.

[edit] Causes

Main article: Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

The rebellion or the war for independence had diverse political, economic, military, religious,and social causes.

The sepoys (the native Indian soldiers) had their own list of grievances against the Company rule, in part caused by the cultural gulf between some British officers and their Indian troops. In the early years of the Company rule, the British tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army, which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihar Brahmins and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted.[3] The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life. Their pay was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) for service there, because they were no longer considered "foreign missions". Finally, officers of an evangelical persuasion in the Company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity.[4]

In 1857, the controversy over the new Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle, in the eyes of many Sepoys, added substance to the alarming rumours circulating about their imminent forced conversion to Christianity. To load the new rifle, the sepoys had to bite the cartridge open. It was believed that the cartridges that were standard issue with the rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims, or tallow (beef fat), regarded as sacred to Hindus.[5]

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Answer 2

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Answer 3

you'll see it that way. one of those avatar of independence. 2 issues that I see with this. One is there is not any India. there's a decision of interior of reach States, a number of them similar to administrative gadgets of previous magnate India, a number of this is hereditary lordships, feudal satraps bits and products somewhat. the different problem is that its fueling fact and incitement change right into a rumor with reference to the nature of the lubricant on the paper cartridges on problem, and colonial protection force severity in responding to the troops insubordination. Which for sure change into no longer some thing to the severity that followed. This rumor change into used as a pretext to incite mob violence and irrational homicide, with which the British; not in any respect ones for unique wondering in colonial circumstances, replied with even better irrational homicide. I even ought to imagine that attempting to apply this because the idea for an attempt to "throw the rascals out" change into no longer nicely prepared and change into honestly no stronger approach on the area of the founders and feeders of the rumor and the rulers who fostered and supported it. Did they no longer imagine of the reprisals that were going to be presented down or did they imagine that their exalted social rank as puppets of the colonial regime, change into going to guard them. even as i do not somewhat comprehend some thing about Indian political heritage, i have examine slightly contained in the final heritage of the Colonial adventure of england. This adventure did better to isolate the Indian and British populations from one yet another interior of India, and re enforced the certainly pan international xenophobia of the Brits international huge. Its continuously been not user-friendly being God's chosen human beings, what with each and each of the undesirable clay they ought to paintings with. i think it would want to were worse, think about gotten the Belgians or the Germans.