The process of translation?

Question

The process of translation. What are the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and how and the process ensures the proper sequence of amino acids in a finished protein.

Answer 1

mRNA has the instructions for building the protein. mRNA was made by transcribing the sequence from the gene on the DNA. mRNA's instructions consist of codons which are 3-base groups that will match a specific tRNA.

tRNA has the anticodons that will match mRNA's codons. The tRNA carries an amino acid to the protein synthesis site: a ribosome.

As the mRNA codons are "read", the tRNA with the anticodon that matches the codon delivers its amino acid and stays in place until the next codon/anticodon pairing is made. The next amino acid is bound to the previous amino acid, and the previous tRNA leaves to pick up another amino acid.

Because mRNA got the sequence from DNA, and because tRNA can only match the mRNA if the anticodon matches the codon, then the sequence of amino acids is exactly what the gene called for.

Answer 2

Proteins are synthesized from mRNA templates by a process that has been highly conserved throughout evolution (reviewed in Chapter 3). All mRNAs are read in the 5´ to 3´ direction, and polypeptide chains are synthesized from the amino to the carboxy terminus. Each amino acid is specified by three bases (a codon) in the mRNA, according to a nearly universal genetic code. The basic mechanics of protein synthesis are also the same in all cells: Translation is carried out on ribosomes, with tRNAs serving as adaptors between the mRNA template and the amino acids being incorporated into protein. Protein synthesis thus involves interactions between three types of RNA molecules (mRNA templates, tRNAs, and rRNAs), as well as various proteins that are required for translation

Answer 3

in mRNA the amino acids are ATCG a bonds with t and c with g but in translition the sequence gets rid of the a amino and replaces it with u now the u bonds with t and c with g this is what is call tRNA it gives the proper chemicals needed to finish the protein

Answer 4

Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the "source text") and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text (the "target text," or "translation") that communicates the same message.

Translation must take into account a number of constraints, including context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms.

Traditionally translation has been a human activity, though attempts have been made to computerize or otherwise automate the translation of natural-language texts (machine translation) or to use computers as an aid to translation (computer-assisted translation).

Perhaps the most common misconception about translation is that there exists a simple "word-for-word" correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is therefore a straightforward mechanical process. On the contrary, every language is a historically-evolved self-contained system, and historically-determined differences between languages may dictate differences of expression.

Translation is fraught with uncertainties as well as the potential for inadvertent "spilling over" of idioms and usages from one language into the other, producing linguistic hybrids, for example, "Franglais" (French-English), "Spanglish" (Spanish-English), "Poglish" (Polish-English) and "Portunhol" (Portuguese-Spanish).