Key terms for philosophy, forming arguments, and engaging in debates or apologetics?

Question

What are some key philosophical terms and their meanings useful for forming arguments or engaging in debates or apologetics? For example, "ad hominem." (But not just logical fallacies alone).

Answer 1

"In any conflict between two men (or two groups) who hold the same basic principles, it is the more consistent one who wins.

"In any collaboration between two men (or two groups) who hold different basic principles, it is the more evil or irrational one who wins.

"When opposite basic principles are clearly and openly defined, it works to the advantage of the rational side; when they are not clearly defined, but are hidden or evaded, it works to the advantage of the irrational side. "

Answer 2

You must know more than "key terms." Yet, actually, there are 103 of them, so you must have a clear understanding of them. They are found in the series of books called "Great Books of the Western World," and are found in Volumes II and III.
As for forming arguments, you must understand how to form propositions and use syllogistic logic, which includes "major proposition," "minor prop," and "conclusion." There are 72 ways of putting syllogistic logic into proper sets. Of these, 60 NECESSARILY lead to false conclusions, so stay clear of them. Of the other 12, NONE leads to necessary conclusions, only to possible conclusions, because all 12 possibilities can be wrong. But when one of them is right, then the conclusion is necessary.

Answer 3

Appeal to authority: Examples could include "This is true because the bible/god says it's true" or "This is what Einstein had to say on the matter."

Epistemology: _How_ and _why_ we know what we know.

Critical thinking: How to form a sound argument. Includes, but is certainly not limited to, avoiding various logical fallacies.