1. FAVORITE LINE
When day steals gray-white through the windowpane
I like this line for three reasons: (a) It contrasts with the earlier parts of the sonnet, which have referred to daytime images; this one refers to the earliest dawn before the sun rises, but light is just beginning to turn the dark into the light (perhaps misty) of day. (2) The sound of the line is rich and rhythmic: there is the assonance (or repeated vowel sounds) in day, gray, and pane with wake in the next line; there is the alliteration of when with white as well as window with water in the previous line and wake in the next one; there are the heavier accents of "steals gray-white through the window pane," suggesting the weightier message of this quatrain. (3) The imagery of the line, its "gray-white" dawn, contrasts with the sunlight and golden finch of the previous quatrain and the silver water of the next line. Dawn, it suggests, is a time susceptible to a dull, drab feeling (developed explicitly as "impotent of parts, of fevered brained") but also the promise of a new kind of experience ("clear silver water," "pure water from a forest fountain").
2. SUMMARY OF STANZAS
These are not stanzas in the conventional sense; the poem in an English (or Shakespearean) sonnet with three quatrains rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF and a concluding couplet rhyming GG. Each of the three quatrains directly develops the idea of the need of the body and suggests the need of the spirit for freshness: water to cleanse the hot, sweaty, tired body and to slake its thirst. The three quatrains intensify in need and in complexity. The image developed in the first quatrain is simply the thirst of spirit and tongue for rainfall or dew. The image developed in the second quatrain is "hunger" of the whole body for a cooling, refreshing swim, but it also describes a specific setting, suggesting the need of the spirit for beauty and serenity: "Trout Valley," the "golden finch" singing sweetly in the tree. The third quatrain (as often happens in an English sonnet, like the sestet in an Italian sonnet) introduces a contrast: night/dawn instead of day, but also physical, mental, and emotional health, explicit in references to physical impotence, a "fevered brain," and emotional loneliness (waking in the morning alone, without a lover). There is just the barest hint of sexual frustration in this third quatrain: "silver water," "impotent of parts." The concluding couplet summarizes the need "to wash me, cleanse me, and to quench my thirts" and suggests its satisfaction in "pure water" with the image of a "forest fountain."
3. THEME
The theme of the poem is the human need for refreshment, for relief, for a wholesome, healthful fulfillment of the self.
On the physical level, directly stated, this of course simply means fresh water to quench one's thirst and cool, clear water "to wash me, cleanse me." However, images of the quenching of thirst and the cleansing of the body always suggest other, more spiritual levels, and this is called for broadly in the very first phrase: "My spirit wails . . . ." Of course, the traditional association of cleansing is with forgiveness of sin, innocence, a renewal of youthfulness, redemption of a weary, disillusioned, sullen soul. The dry tongue, the hungry body, the impotent parts, and the fevered brain suggest a need for wholesomeness, for health, for satisfaction of natural desires, including sexual fufillment and love for another. The emphasis of the alliteration of "forest fountain first" in the concluding couplet before the final statement about cleansing and quenching again calls up an image of a natural, almost Edenic fulfillment of human needs--an escape from the heat, sweat, dryness, dirtiness, weariness, worry, hunger, thirst of a needly, lonely human in the "pure water" of nature, of health, of innocence, of holiness, of love.
I see no specific suggestion of the need for justice as suggested by the previous answerer, but even that and the idea of self-respect and the respect of others is not too far afield from the sense of human need projected in the poem. There is also a felt need for beauty in "some leafy spot," "sunlit water," and especially the golden finch's singing.
Whatever connotations are implied in the imaggery, in all three quatrains and the concluding couplet, what he human needs is suggested by the powerful image of fresh water (rain or dew), sunlit water in a pool, silver water, and ultimately "pure water from a forest fountain first."
Though this would not be one of my favorite poems of the Harlem Renaissance, I have a generally favorable response to it. Thanks for bringing it to my attention, and for asking some good questions. Now, I'm curious: what is your favorite line, and how would you express the theme that you infer from reading the poem? Do you like it?
2007-11-09 14:02:06
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answer #1
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answered by bfrank 5
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