biology question #1... best answer gets +10 points?

Question

is it possible for a multicellular organism to survive in an anaerobic environment? explain.

Answer 1

no because all cells need oxygen to survive. the mitochondria in the cells take in oxygen and glucose to produce co2, water and ATP. therefore without oxygen there would be no ATP and the cells would die.

Answer 2

Check here,

Anaerobic multicellular organisms exist today, but their complexity is limited ... A possible biomarker of access to this higher O2 environment and the ...

www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1552013 - Similar pages

Answer 3

Microbes, particularly Archaea, are well-known for their superb adaptation to extreme environments. However, amazing adaptations to extreme stresses do not only occur in microbes, but also in many multicellular organisms. Examples include tardigrades and their capability to survive freezing to near absolute zero, the Pompeii worm withstanding temperatures of up to 105°C, the Crucian carp remaining active in anoxic conditions for several months, and resurrection plants, which can survive near-complete desiccation. Here, we review some of the cryptobiotic strategies and adaptations exhibited in multicellular organisms, and point out their relevance to astrobiology.

Answer 4

chelsie Hargrove is right on everything but 3 and 4 - which are kidney and false 2 is tricky as starfish have hydroskeleton and fish have endoskeletons

Answer 5

There are tubeworms at underwater valcanic vents. They utilize hydrogen sulfide instead if oxygen. I'm sure there are more though.

Answer 6

Umm...what?

Answer 7

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1996 Jan, 44(1), 36 - 41
{Modulation of the oxidative burst of human neutrophils by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines}; Gougerot-Podicalo MA et al.; Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and cytokines play a critical role in host defences against invading microorganisms . In response to a variety of stimuli, PMN are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are essential for bacterial killing and may induce oxidative stress in tissue environment . A precise regulation of the oxidase activity is therefore necessary . Cytokines such as TNF alpha, GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta produced during the immune and inflammatory responses to pathogens have been reported to interact with PMN activities . However, contradictory results have been reported on their direct and priming effects on the PMN release of ROS (oxidative burst) . We have used a flow cytometry method to study the effects of these cytokines on the oxidative burst of PMN in whole blood, in order to avoid PMN activation related to isolation procedures . None of the cytokines tested directly activated the PMN oxidative burst, but they did have differential priming effects on the oxidative burst in response to N-formyl peptides . TNF, GM-CSF and IL-8 strongly primed a subpopulation of PMN to produce H2O2 in response to fMLP, while IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 failed to do so . Furthermore, the addition of TNF, GM-CSF or IL-8 to whole blood increased the capacity of a subpopulation of PMN to bind N-formyl peptides, a phenomenon that could account for the strong H2O2 production in response to fMLP following priming by the cytokines . These results show that, among the various cytokines tested, TNF, GM-CSF and IL-8 strongly prime the PMN oxidative burst in response to bacterial peptides in whole blood and suggest that these cytokines may play a critical role in bacterial killing in vivo and also in the surrounding tissue injury secondary to pathological inflammatory reactions . In particular, TNF and IL-8 plasma levels as well as LPS-induced monocytic production of these cytokines ex vivo have been correlated with the production of ROS by stimulated PMN and with the lung injury score in patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrom (ARDS) . However, desensitization phenomena have also been described . In particular, in HIV infected patients we demonstrated a decrease of H2O2 production by PMN in whole blood after ex vivo priming by IL-8 and TNF followed by fMLP stimulation . This decrease increased with the progression of the disease and was inversely correlated with IL-8 plasma level . Different mechanisms could explain such desensitization phenomena at the receptor and post receptor level . In addition cytokines are involved in a complex network of regulation and anti inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, could act as a negative signal on the proinflammatory cytokines induced-priming of oxidative burst.

Biosens Bioelectron, 1996, 11(5), 455 - 77
Microbial detection; Hobson NS et al.; There is a widespread need for commercial instrumentation for the rapid and inexpensive detection of microbial contamination of food, industrial waste water and clinical samples . A large number of detection methods have been developed utilizing the optical, electrochemical, biochemical and physical properties of microorganisms . The need for a device which can produce a rapid, accurate, sensitive, real-time analysis for clinical, industrial and environmental applications has led to considerable progress being achieved in recent years in the development of biosensors for microbial detection . This intense research has resulted in the commercialization of several instruments . Techniques used for the quantification of microorganisms are reviewed under the general categories of non-bioelectrochemical and bioelectrochemical methods.