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English Art:
Painting and sculpture in England from the 10th century. (For English art before the 10th century, see Celtic art and Anglo-Saxon art.) The strong tradition of manuscript illumination was continued from earlier centuries. Portrait painting flourished from the late 15th century (initially led by artists from Germany and the Low Countries) through the 18th (Thomas Gainsborough, Joshua Reynolds) and into the 20th (David Hockney, Lucian Freud). Landscape painting reached its high point in the 19th century with John Constable and J M W Turner. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood produced a Victorian version of medievalism. In the early 20th century the Camden Town Group and the Bloomsbury Group responded to modern influences in painting, and in sculpture the work of Jacob Epstein, Henry Moore, and Barbara Hepworth led progressively towards abstraction. In the 1950s pop art began in the UK. Artists in the latter part of the 20th century experimented with mixed and sometimes unusual media such as dead sheep (Damien Hirst) and chocolate (Helen Chadwick, 1953–1996).
Medieval: 10th–15th centuries
As elsewhere in Europe, the painting and sculpture of this period was religious and sometimes had an international rather than distinctively national character. Few examples of medieval English painting have survived, though the decoration of churches encouraged wall painting. During the 13th century painting flourished under the patronage of Henry III, but in the 14th it declined as a result of the Wars of the Roses. The 10th-century schools of Winchester and Canterbury produced illuminated manuscripts such as the Benedictional of St Ethelwold (about 960–80; British Museum, London). Later examples include the Lutterell Psalter (about 1340; British Museum). One of the few named figures of the period was the 13th-century illuminator and chronicler Matthew Paris. The late 14th-century Wilton Diptych (National Gallery, London), showing Richard II presented to the Virgin and Child, is a rare example of medieval panel painting. What little sculpture has survived the destructions of the Reformation – and, later, the Civil War of the 17th century – is heavily indebted to French works.
Tudor and Elizabethan: 15th–16th centuries
The Italian sculptor Torrigiano introduced the Renaissance style in his tomb of Henry VII in Westminster Abbey (1512–18). However, the reign of Henry VIII virtually put an end to church art. Painting, in particular portrait painting, survived largely through the influence and example of the German Hans Holbein, who painted portraits of Henry's court. The best artists of the time were, like Holbein, visitors from other parts of Europe. However, in Elizabeth's reign English painters developed a distinctive style in the portrait miniature. Nicholas Hilliard and his pupil Isaac Oliver were the outstanding figures, but excellent work was produced by many artists. Portraiture was to become one of English art's most enduring achievements.
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15th century
The reign of Henry IV (1421-1471), who married Margaret, daughter of René of Anjou, was marked by defeats in France and the loss of the markets of Guyenne and Flanders. At the beginning of the l5th century royal patronage declined. A grave political crisis, the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485), ruined the aristocracy and strengthened the power of the throne. With the Tudors (Henry VII, 1485-1509) commercial and industrial development began.
John Lydgate (c. 1370 - c. 1450) adapted Boccaccio. Printing was established in the second half of the l5th century.
John Dunstable (1370-1453), mathematician, astronomer and musician of great melodic invention and clever counterpoint, a disciple of the Italian composers of madrigals, was to have a great influence.
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2007-10-24 17:13:24
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answer #1
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answered by ari-pup 7
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