Great Awakening?

Question

Why did the second Great Awakening both took advantage of the market revolution and criticized its excesses

Answer 1

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Answer 2

Fervent attempts to improve society characterized American life in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. The impetus and ability to perfect society came frommany sources. One was political. Responding to public pressure, by 1840 all stateseliminated property qualifications for voting and most states eliminated propertyqualifications for office holding. With more people voting and holding office thanever before, intellectual horizons widened, at least for white males.A market revolution occurring worldwide expanded trade and improved trans-portation systems, fundamentally transforming economic opportunities in theUnited States and greatly facilitating social and intellectual change. New wealthencouraged investment in experiments to change society, while the new problemscreated by the developing economy illustrated the need for reform. Charles Sellers’sThe Market Revolution provides an excellent synthesis of the period by examining theimpact of changes in the economy on political and social developments.The concurrent Second Great Awakening furthered social reform. Reformersembraced revivalist methodologies openly and emotionally appealed to the public.Adopting religious rhetoric, they called social behaviors and practices like con-sumption of alcohol and slavery “sins,” generated fervid commitment to reform,and resisted compromise with opponents. More secular thinkers broadcast the idealsof the Transcendentalist movement. Writers like Henry David Thoreau, RalphWaldo Emerson, and Margaret Fuller encouraged Americans to follow their hearts,not their heads. Listen to your intuition and trust yourself, these thinkers urged.Have the courage to stand up for your convictions and make a difference.

Answer 3

Great Awakening
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Great
Awakenings

First
Second
Third
Fourth
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Protestantism

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"Great Awakenings"
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The Great Awakenings refer to several periods of dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in U.S. religious thought. The term is used in some respects to refer to American religious revivalism that continued in spirit of the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general religious trends within distinctly U.S. religious culture.

There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:

The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s)
The Second Great Awakening (1800s - 1830s)
The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s)
The Fourth Great Awakening (1960s - 1970s)
Contents [hide]
1 Patterns defining a Great Awakening
2 American Great Awakenings
2.1 Influence on political life
3 Further reading
4 References
5 See also



[edit] Patterns defining a Great Awakening
Great Awakenings have been marked by the rise of a multitude of new denominations, sects, or even entirely new religions. In addition, completely new belief systems and existing belief systems gained new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to circumvent tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and often fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as either innovations or having lost or corrupted some elements over time.


[edit] American Great Awakenings
Although Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appears unique to the USA. This could be because the USA is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely Protestant, which is known for its relative freedom in terms of expression of belief as opposed to Catholicism. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia that the pressure for new ideas builds into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.


[edit] Influence on political life
Since religion has often been used to support political platforms, the Great Awakenings have exerted significant influence on the politics of America. Joseph Tracy, the minister and historian who gave this religious phenomenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book The Great Awakening, saw the First Great Awakening as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the abolition movement, part of the wider Second Great Awakening, eventually contributed to the crisis over slavery, which led to the American Civil War. The Third Great Awakening would go on to be a major influence in guiding the USA through the Great Depression and World War II. In fact the New Deal was originated from that same era. The idea of an "awakening" implies a slumber or passivity during secular or less religious times. Thus, awakening is a term which originates and is embraced often and primarily by evangelical Christians [1]. In recent times, the idea of "awakenings" in US history has been put forth by right-wing US evangelicals such as President George W. Bush. [2]


[edit] Further reading
Alan Heimert; Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966
Robert William Fogel; The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626
Alan Heimert and Perry Miller ed.; The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967
Frank Lambert; Inventing the Great Awakening Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Frank Lambert; Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994
William G. McLoughlin's Revivals, Awakenings and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607-1977 (1978)
Joseph Tracy, The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield, 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.
Harry Stout; The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism;Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991

[edit] References
^ Lambert, Frank. Inventing the "Great Awakening", Princeton University Press, 1999.
^ "Bush Tells Group He Sees a 'Third Awakening'" Washington Post, Sept. 12 2006.

[edit] See also
Bible belt
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Category: History of Christianity in the United States