Morality is more connected with spirituality, religious values.
Ethics are more connected with "universal values," inasmuch as ethics are cultural, "ethnic."
Universal values are values which pop up in many various religions and cultures. Would suggest "The Path of Virtue" by Jonathan Murro as it gives many values and teachings of the world's traditions.
However, you probably don't have time to borrow a copy.
Social values are pretty much the same as cultural values.
Individual values are often related to philosophy, where a single thinker looks within and/or without. The ancient Greeks divided these into "psyche"--soul--and "physis"--physics, atomic matter.
Communal values may be taken as social, cultural, and legal values--"community values" might be a better term.
Conscience is "con-sciens," of the Latin ***, with, and sciens, knowing. If one knows something is not good, one tends to act with that knowing--conscience.
Metaphysics is what Aristotle called "first philosophy"--the relation of God, of knowing how we know, etc.
So, "ethics"--if you are at all religious, try understanding that "Love God completely" is a big sphere; within it, "Love colleague as Self;" within that, "love as Christ Jesus, Truth, loves." Then, ethics or the whole of the law tend to flow with that.
If you are not inclined to such, your position is logically that you don't have a way of proving God of Jesus, Moses, and so forth does not exist. Thus, a-theism is illogical. A-gnostism, or not-knowing, is logical. (The miracles such as the Host of Light appearing, and pre-announced by an Angel to a child, and photographed in Garabandal, Spain, in the early 1960s by scientists and sceptics, etc., point to existence of God, and honest seekers of truth would tend to look at such evidence, as well as e.g. http://www.tiller.org and , and books such as "Extraordinary Knowing" by Dr. Elizabeth Mayer and "Autobiography of a Yogi" by Paramahansa Yogananda (), and so on.
"The Story of My Experiments with Truth" by Mahatma Gandhi is a book about how one man developed ethics. "Ethical ESP' by Ann Ree Colton is another such book, as is "And There Was Light" by Jacques Lusseyran.
Peck's "People of the Lie" and C. S. Lewis' "The Great Divorce" also contain ethical teaching and wisdom.
So, not knowing how much of your own thought and ethics are to be in your essay--vs a review of and definitions of others' ethics--would suggest that you put in a bit of both...as teachers often appreciate your own original thought.
One great philosopher, Plotinus, developed ethics in this sense: he had out-of-body experiences, and did what Plato's goal of all philosophy was--to realize God. "One Mind Soul" was Plotinus' catch-phrase for What Is. When Soul, which is of the One Ego (God), and individed, or individuated (realized), is misdirected, its energy-sowings are veiling One Mind Soul Energy--the pure Light of God; hence, energy-veiling = e-veiling or eviling.
While God or One Mind Soul is Omnipresent, man, having the ability to make choice, may misqualify the pure Energy, hence, error is turning from divine Love, Truth, and so forth. If the soul is sufficiently turned from its inner self and God, then it becomes what the Bible terms "gross." Another term is "ignorant."
Confucius was a type of philosopher who, while recognizing heaven and the immortals were, turned his ethical notions to mankind and earth. Hence, he would be the counterpole to Plotinus (and other God-realizing philosophers such as Saint Thomas Aquinas and Edmund Husserl).
Confucius is therefore a counterbalance to e.g. using Plotinus or Saint Thomas Aquinas or Martin Buber (a Jewish philosopher who taught "I-Thou" or knowing of God was very important). Confucius's main ethical ideal was goodness, lovingkindness, humaneness: called "jen" in Chinese. It includes love for others, particularly one's family, and a combination of flexible and reciprocal--"shu," sensitivity or consideration of circumstances and others' feelings in the particular event--interpretation of general rules of conduct (li, duty).
So you might, if your reading skills are up to it, consult http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html/ and/or http://www.iep.utm.edu/ and use the search terms, such as "ethics," "morality," "metaphysics," etc.
It is worth noting, that generally, God of Abraham, for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, provides a general system of morality and ethics. For those who are agnostic (not able to find the Kingdom within), Confucius is probably the best model and thinker. Immanuel (which means "God with us") Kant thought up what he called the "categorical imperative," which means "do unto others what you would do if you were making laws for all." Jesus' golden rule of do unto others as you would have others do unto you works best if you're Godly, humble, sincere, etc. Confucius' silver rule is much like it: don't do to others what you wouldn't want done to you."
Omraam Mikhael Aivanhov's "A Philosophy of Universality" would be an excellent book vis a vis "universal values." Http://www.prosveta.com is a site which promotes his teachings. "Expecting Adam" by Martha Beck is a very good book, and deals with ethics on many levels. It is funny, and easy to read; highly recommended if you have to do a book report.
If you do have some time, would also recommend "Harry Potter and Philosophy," ed. Baggett and Klein, and "Climb the Highest Mountain," Mark L. Prophet ( is the organization which keeps his teachings).. "The Field" by Lynne McTaggart is also a popular and easy read, very interesting, about how soulfield and biophotons and biophysics are showing us more about how people are.
Good fortune with your essay,
j.
2007-10-17 21:03:14
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answer #1
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answered by j153e 7
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