the crusades had little lasting impact on southwest asia except to what?

Question

a. establish chrisianity to the arab nations
b. divide the musims into the shites and the sunnis
c.create a spirt of brotherhood between the byzantines and the muslims
d. breed centureies of mistrust between the musims and chrisians

Answer 1

It has to be d

"breed centuries of mistrust between the Muslims and Christians"

That, if fact, continues right up to this day.

(It can't be c - there never WAS "a spirit of brotherhood between the Byzantines and the Muslims.")
"The Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comnenus, had been repeatedly defeated by the Seljuk Turks and he asked the pope for help to defeat the Moslems. He promised a reunion of the Eastern Orthodox Church and to give Byzantine lands (“fiefs”) to victorious knights from the feudal west."

Answer 2

c - Brotherhood between the Byzantines and the muslims.

The others are less likely:
a. establish chrisianity to the arab nations - I can't think of any arab nation in recent times that has a s significant christian population. Minority christians, yes.

b. divide the musims into the shites and the sunnis -- There are other muslim denominations.

d. breed centureies of mistrust between the musims and chrisians - less likely

Answer 3

d. breed centuries of mistrust between Christians and Muslims

Answer 4

I would say D.