AP Global History help?

Question

I need help with 2 questions during the Enlightenment and Revolution Era.

1) How did Voltaire's ideology (literary satire and harsh direct criticism to to call for religious toleration and freedom of expression) affect the intellecetual developments during the Maerican Revolution?

2) General Augustin de Iturbide proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821. Explain why his empire was short-lived (Politically and Geographically).

Thank you for any answers

Answer 1

1. The American colonies were breaking away from English influence and French philosophy was a logical alternative. Many of the spokesman of the American Revolution spent time in Paris appealing to the intellectual elite.
2. "The independence of Mexico was assured, but without the social reforms advocated by Hidalgo; instead of a new liberal state, Iturbide had ushered in a new conservative one. He headed a provisional government which in time became dictatorial. When no Bourbon prince could be found to accept the crown of Mexico and Spain repudiated the Treaty of Córdoba, his soldiers proclaimed him emperor as Agustín I. Congress, hostile but intimidated, ratified the proclamation (1822). It was not long before a revolution was in the field, with Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria as its principal leaders. In 1823, Iturbide was forced to abdicate and go into exile in Europe. Congress decreed him a traitor and an outlaw, forbidding his reentry into Mexico. Iturbide, ignorant of the decree, sailed back to Mexico in 1824. He was captured, tried by the Congress of Tamaulipas, and shot. "