What do you know about diamonds?

Question

doing a science project

Answer 1

made of pure carbon that has been held under extreme heat and/or pressure for extended periods of time

those carbon atoms are in a crystal lattice arrangement, which is why the from geometric shapes when "cut"

impurities cause colours to appear, different impurities = different colours, but usually yellowish...

Answer 2

Diamonds became popular in America only after the invention of motion pictures. Jewelers began a marketing ploy with Hollywood actors/actresses to promote the idea of Luxury. It's now become "tradition."

Answer 3

THEY WERE FORMED SEVERAL MILLION YEARS AGO DEEP BENEATH THE EARTH FROM CARBON UNDER EXTREME HEAT AND PRESSURE. THE HARDEST KNOWN SUBSTANCE AND HIGHLY PRIZED IN JEWELRY.

Answer 4

They are used in cutting tools.
and over priced in jewelry stores.

Answer 5

Diamond may be up to 3 billion years old, which is much older than their surface host rock (Harlow, 1998, p. 60). Diamond crystallization originates some 200 kilometers, or 320 miles, beneath the surface and the disaggregated crystals are merely transported to the surface via kimberlite and lamproite pipes (Harlow, 1998, p. 54). These igneous host rock formations are roughly cylindrical in shape and act as a conduit from the Earth's mantle to the contintental crust.

Diamonds are differentiated between various types, Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb. Although this information is important to the diamond cutter, it is of no value to the student merely interested in diamond as a gemstone. Diamond's superior optical properties and hardness has earned this mineral the highest respect in both industry and jewelry. It has a long tradition of invincibility and hence the Greek name, adamas.

Excellent sources of noncommercial diamond information can be found at http://www.diamondse.info/ and http://www.diamond.info/. Another good fact source is found at the Molecule of the Month, http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/diamond/diamond.htm, from Paul May at the University of Bristol, U.K.

Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company
Beyond the Facts...

Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company Individuals and societies have ascribed diamond's important status with both symbolism and as a scientific curiosity with industrial value. Therefore, both scientist and laity find diamond fascinating because of the dual nature of scientific-industrial practicality and romantic ethereality created through traditions and advertising. The origin of dimaond may have been uncovered in the twentieth century, but appreciation for diamond has been known since diamond discovery in India, prior to 400 B.C.E.1 (Harlow, 1998, p. 118). Historically, diamond has been referred to as the essence of purity and invincibility, a symbol of royalty, and token of everlasting love (p. 1). Diamond is the birthstone for April.

Visit the Diamonds at the Paris Natural History Museum webpage, http://www.mnhn.fr/expo/diamants/index/english/ukinfo.htm#peintures, to find out about how diamonds have been portrayed in paintings from court portraits in the 15th century to information on the French Crown Jewels. The Beau Sancy, a 40 carat diamond in the French crown jewels, is depicted in Marie de Medicis's crown, a painting at the Louvre.
Today, 75-80% of the world's natural diamonds are used for industrial purposes and 20-25% for gemstones. It is the chemical and physical properties of this mineral that give it the superior cutting ability for industrial use. Diamond coatings have improved on diamond's industrial applications in cutting and in aiding the performance of semiconductors. It is the optical properties of this mineral that give it the superior beauty and durability to be used as a gemstone. The rarity of this gemstone is related to the petrogenesis of the igneous rock in which the diamond is recovered. Diamond may even be found in meteorites. It is an important economic resource, responsible for developing nations and creating war. Faceting diamond, in order to maximize its optical properties, depends upon a knowledge of geometry. Diamond is the perfect mineral to focus on considering its notoriety and the fact that diamond studies cross disciplines, such as mineralogy, geology, astronomy, material science, mathematics, anthropology, art, history, and economics. Follow up on one such interesting focus, the importance of diamond coatings to a past war, at http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9610/08/t_t/diamonds/index.html.

The Hope Diamond, shown in the image to the right, has a long and colorful history. To read about this deep blue stone, visit
# http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/hope.htm
# http://www.minerals.si.edu/minsci/hope.htm
# http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/students/
secrets_of_the_Smithsonian/history_hope_diamond.html
# http://www.smithsonianmag.com/issues/1995/may/
mall_may95.php, Mrs. McLean's possession.
# http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/images/gallery/3.htm, the Hope Diamond image.
# http://history1900s.about.com/library/weekly/aa071300a.htm,
The Curse of the Hope Diamond at About.com, 20th Century History.

Two other stunning diamond pieces can be viewed at http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/images/gallery/16.htm, the Oppenheimer Diamond, and http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/images/gallery/45.htm, the Hooker Diamond Necklace, Earrings, and Ring. Another special diamond is found in the Iranian Crown Jewels, the Darya-i-Nur. This is one of the oldest faceted diamonds, believed to have been in the collection of the first Mogul emperor of India (Gaal, 1977, p. 68). It is 176 carats, a pale pink color, and mounted in a setting with four rubies and 467 diamonds (p. 68). Visit the Wikipedia sites for more information, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Jewels_of_Persia or en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria-i-Noor.


The deep blue Hope
diamond is located in
the Smithsonian,
Washington, DC. Image
taken from a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company
Fact or Fiction: Exploring The Nature of Diamonds
In addition to the excellent coverage of diamond in your required textbook, many web sites exist to further your cyberknowledge of diamonds! The Nature of Diamonds, from the American Museum of Natural History, adiamondisforever.com, from the Diamond Trading Company, are among the many good overview sites on diamond. The Fact or Fiction presentation below will rely upon these web sites and others to enhance your understanding of diamond.
Statistics * Occurrences * History & Mining

Industry & Technology * Conflict Diamonds * Evaluate

Diamond Statistics
Fact or Fiction?!?

1. Although diamonds vary from colorless to black, most are tinged with yellow. Diamonds are often set in yellow gold to mask the yellow body color. Nitrogen is believed to be responsible for diamond's yellow color and blue diamonds are colored by boron. Carbon is adjacent to nitrogen and boron in the periodic table and substitution is possible because of size similarity of the elements.

This is a fact.

For more information, visit these external sites:
# American Museum of Natural History on:

* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/color.html, color
* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/composition.html, composition
* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/jewelry.html, jewelry & gems
* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/statistics.html, general statistics

# Altobelli Jewelers on diamond color, www.altobelli.com/html/diamond_color.html
# Diamond Trading Company's color section in the 4-C Diamond Guide, www.adiamondisforever.com/buy/4cs_nonflash.html.
# Wolfram Research by Eric Weisstein on diamond, scienceworld.wolfram.com/chemistry/Diamond.html

Fact or Fiction?!?

2. Diamond has a scratch hardness of 10 on the Mohs scale and therefore it is indestructible.

This is fiction! In addition to good cleavage, diamond can be scratched by diamond!

For more information, visit these external sites:
# American Museum of Natural History on:

* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/durability.html, durability
* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/structure.html, crystal structure
* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/hardness.html, hardness
* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/statistics.html, general statistics

# Altobelli Jewelers on gemstone durability, www.altobelli.com/html/durability.html


Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company
3. Diamond often fluoresces blue and hence the historical "blue-white" color designation given to colorless diamonds. Other fluorescent colors include orange and sometimes a bright yellowish-green.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information, visit this external site:
# American Museum of Natural History on fluorescence, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/fluorescence.html

4. Diamond disperses light well resulting in a balanced fire, which is due to included water.

Fact or Fiction?!? This is fiction! Included water helps to give opal a play-of-colors, but is not related to the dispersion of diamond.

For more information, visit this external site:
# American Museum of Natural History on diamond dispersion, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/dispersion.html

5. Diamond's high refractive index gives it extraordinary brilliance, scintillation (sparkle), and adamantine luster. When choosing smaller diamonds, brilliance is the key factor.

Fact or Fiction?!? This is a fact.

For more information, visit these external sites:
# American Museum of Natural History on diamond refraction, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/refraction.html
# Altobelli Jewelers on cut, www.altobelli.com/html/diamond_cut.html
# Diamond Trading Company's cut section in the 4Cs Diamond Guide, www.adiamondisforever.com/buy/4cs_nonflash.html.


Image taken from
Dendritics

6. Diamond jewelry is a meaningful gift that should never be removed for cleaning.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! Although gifts are often meaningful, diamond has an affinity for grease! This is helpful in separating mined diamond but detrimental to keeping your diamond ring clean after washing greasy dishes, pots, and pans.

For more information, visit these external sites:
# American Museum of Natural History on

* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/surface.html, surface properties
* www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/process.html, processing diamond ore

# Diamond Trading Company on proper care, www.adiamondisforever.com/ring/care.html
# Altobelli Jewelers on jewelry care and cleaning, www.altobelli.com/html/article_1.html


Photo date 5/2000 © S.W. Aber 7. This diamond testing instrument (left) measures thermal conductivity to separate diamond from look alikes. Not only is diamond's thermal conductivity higher than other colorless gems, it is four times greater than copper!

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information, visit:
# American Museum of Natural History on thermal conductivity, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/thermal.html
Occurrences
8. When prospecting for diamond, good indicator minerals are red garnet and olivine.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information, visit these external sites:
# American Museum of Natural History on

* indicator minerals, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/indicator.html
* xenoliths, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/xenoliths.html

9. Primary deposits of diamond are only found in the intrusive, igneous rock type called kimberlite.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! Diamond is also found in lamproite deposits.

For more information, visit:
# American Museum of Natural History on kimberlite and lamporite, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/kimberlite.html


Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company
10. Inclusions are helpful to identify the rock within which diamonds formed and the age of the diamond. Although inclusions include garnet and diopside, the most common inclusion in diamond is diamond.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information, visit:
# American Museum of Natural History on

* diamond inclusions, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/inclusion.html
* the age of diamonds and kimberlites, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/age.html

History and Mining

11. Diamond was first mined in Brazil.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! Extensive diamond mining began in India.

For more information, visit American Museum of Natural History on:

* diamond origins in India, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/india.html
* diamonds and the Mediterranean, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/mediterranean.html
* general history, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/name.html
* general mining, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/world.html


Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company 12. Extensive mining of diamonds shifted from India (17th century), to Brazil (18th century), to the African continent (19th century), and finally Australia and Canada (20th century). Today diamonds are mined in some 25 countries on every continent but Europe and Antarctica. The top seven producing countries, that account for 80 percent of the world's rough diamond supply, are Australia, Botswana, Zaire, South Africa, Russia, Angola, and Namibia.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information, visit American Museum of Natural History on:

* diamond trade with India and Portugal, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/trade.html
* diamonds from the Middle Ages and the Lapidaries, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/middle.html
* diamonds from the Renaissance, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/renaissance.html
* diamonds fround across from Southern Africa found across www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/across.html
* diamonds found in other African countries, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/other.html
* diamonds found in Brazil and Venezuela, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/brazil.html
* diamonds found in India, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/india2.html
* diamonds found in Russia, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/india2.html
* diamonds found in Australia, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/australia.html
* diamonds found in North America, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/north.html
* Seventheenth Century, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/17th.html;
* Eighteenth Century, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/18th.html;
* Nineteenth Century, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/19th.html;
* Twentieth Century, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/20th.html;

13. Barney Barnato founded DeBeers Consolidated Mines by purchasing other prospector's diamond claims and became the leader of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! Although Barnato was one of the first to consolidate mining claims, Cecil Rhodes founded De Beers. De Beers sells gem diamonds through sightholders and you can learn more about this process below.

For more information, visit:
# American Museum of Natural History on South Africa, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/africa.html
# Emerling, S. (2000). Not Forever. Salon on the death of Harry Oppenheimer and the DeBeers Cartel. http://archive.salon.com/business/feature/2000/09/27/diamonds/print.html
# Keyguide (2001). DeBeers Sightholders. http://www.keyguide.net/sightholders/, from http://www.keyguide.net, and Diamond Exchange, http://www.keyguide.net/bourses

14. Diamonds are found in three types of deposits: alluvial gravels, glacial tills, and kimberlite or lamproite pipes.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information, visit American Museum of Natural History on:

* mining marine deposits, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/marine.html
* kimberlite pipes, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/mining.html
* alluvial deposits, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/alluvial.html
* types of diamond deposits, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/types.html
* where diamonds are found, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/found.html

# Diamonds the Real Story by National Geographic, http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2002/03/01/sights_n_sounds/media.1.2.html

Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company

Industry & Technology

Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company 15. Over 75% of the mined diamonds go to industry each year, with such applications from windows to phonograph needles!

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information, visit American Museum of Natural History on

* research using diamonds, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/research.html
* diamonds shape the world, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/shape.html
* diamonds into the future, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/future.html

16. There is no such thing as a synthetic diamond.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! Synthetic diamonds were successfully created in the mid 1950s, produced on a commercial scale since 1960, and gem quality synthetics came into the market in the 1990s.

For more information, visit

* NOVA on Diamond Deception, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/diamond/
* American Museum of Natural History on growing diamonds, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/growing.html
* Chatham created diamonds, 1996, www.chatham.com/diamond.html

Conflict Diamonds
17. The diamond industry is to blame for war in Africa.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! Africa is rampant with political, social, and economic corruption, which is behind wars in Africa. Some have blamed the diamond industry for fueling these struggles because the sale of diamond is one way in which madmen and terrorists raise the money to buy weapons. On other continents, illegal drug trafficking and oil monies finance conflicts. Placing the blame for war on the diamond industry is unfair for African diamond producers as well as the diamond industry in non-war areas.

The diamond industry faces a most difficult challenge to continue legitimate business in African mining and cutting plants, while ensuring that monies do not fund rebel armies. In an effort to police the international diamond industry, UN resolutions to US legislation have been offered and debated, but there is never an easy solution to war or greed. Illiteracy and a lack of a broader communication network inhibit human rights progress for the peoples of third world countries. Poverty and over population stress humanity worldwide. It will take a greater global effort than any one industry or government could shoulder to dictate and regulate morality in all cultures and therefore alleviate ignorance and war.

The diamond industry is not to blame for war in Africa. Gem diamonds are a luxury item and ironically, the industry has been working for years to promote these diamonds as a symbol for love. Only 20-25% of all mined diamonds go into gemstones and jewelry though; whereas, 75-80% of all diamonds are of great economic importance for industrial applications. One has to wonder if this smear campaign against the diamond industry originated for political, social, or economic motivations.

Progress is being made to identify conflict free diamonds. The World Diamond Council has drafted a guide to implementing the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. This system of warrenties is designed to help the industry avoid conflict diamonds and was adopted by fifty-two governments in November, 2002. Read more about conflict diamonds through a photojournalist's eyes, A Diamond's Journey, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15842546/0 and from diamondfacts.org, a website sanctioned by the World Diamond Council website.

For more information visit

* Martin Rapaport's Diamond Trade Network, www.diamonds.net, and the Conflict Diamond report, www.diamonds.net/selectednews.asp?list=1
* American Museum of Natural History on
o sorting and distribution, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/sorting.html
o African diamond deposits, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/other.html
* Amnesty USA Clean Diamonds Act http://www.amnestyusa.org/diamonds/
* The UN on Conflict Diamonds: Sanctions and War http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html

Evaluation
18. The 4 Cs are cut, clarity, carat weight, and color, and are used to assign a financial value to diamond. To obtain a diamond within a certain price range, the four criteria will need to vary. Cut is the most important factor and should never be compromised, therefore a smaller carat weight might be necessary to stay within your price range, if all other factors are also kept high.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is a fact.

For more information visit

* James Allen, www.jamesallen.com/education/, from www.jamesallen.com/diamonds/
* diamond-guide.com, www.diamond-guide.com/Diamond_Education
* diamondreview.com tutorial, www.diamondreview.com/tutor/4cs/tutor_4cs_intro.shtml
* Diamond Cutters education and care, www.diamondcutters.com/cut.php
* Jewelry Mall evaluation and care for diamonds, www.jewelrymall.com/diamond-guide.html
* Diamonds.com, www.diamonds.com/Education/Education_Intro.aspx
* Altobelli Jewelers on the 4Cs, www.altobelli.com/html/gemlab.html
* Diamond Trading Company's 4Cs Diamond Guide
* A Brief Guide to Diamond Buying, gemmologist.tripod.com/ge10001.html by Bruce Courage and his Hall of Diamonds gemmologist.tripod.com/ge10000.html
* DiamondGrading.com, http://www.diamondgrading.com/
* DiamondTalk.com, DiamondTalk.com
* American Gem Society, www.ags.org


Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company

Diamond image
taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company 19. Moissanite is a type of diamond that has been enhanced.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! Moissanite is a synthetic that imitates diamond. Diamond imitations abound and an inexpensive alternative to diamond is found in the interesting use of doubly terminated, clear quartz crystals. One such crystal, dubbed the Herkimer Diamond for its location of origin, Herkimer, New York, can be seen made into jewelry at http://www.wehug.com/birthstone-April-diamond.html. Diane & Michael McKnight, owners of The Crystal Ball, offers it as an alternative to buying diamond as the April birthstone.

For more information, visit the diamond-guide.com jewelry store on

* Charles and Colvard on moissanite, http://www.moissanite.com/
* The Scheiner Diamonds on
o moissanite facts, www.diamond-guide.com/Diamond_Education/moissanite.html
o diamond imitations, www.diamond-guide.com/Diamond_Education/imitations.html
* Moissanite Stardust Gems, http://www.moissanite-stardust.com/moissanite-overview.html

20. According to the Federal Trade Commission, fracture-filled diamond enhancement need not be disclosed to the public.

Fact or Fiction!?! This is fiction! The FTC stated fracture-filling must be disclosed. In January 2001, the FTC ruled that laser drilling of diamond must also be disclosed.

For more information, visit The Scheiner Diamonds on

* laser drilled diamonds,
www.diamond-guide.com/Diamond_Education/laserdrilled.html
* clarity enhanced diamonds,
www.diamond-guide.com/Diamond_Education/clarityenhanced.html

21. The signs of a good cut are evident by simply looking at the diamond in a face up position.

This is a fact! If you can use a 10X loupe and here are a few pointers for you to look for...

* Is the sparkle and dispersion uniform across the whole stone?
* Is the table (octagon shape) centered and symmetrical, with edges meeting at sharp points?
* Looking straight down through the table, is the culet (point at the bottom of the stone) small to very small, centered, and a flat polished surface (not broken or chipped)?
* Find the square (formed by projecting the edges of the octagon on out to the points of the star facets which project out from the table). Are the sides of the square straight, slightly bent in, or bend out? The proportions of the diameter of the table to the entire width of the stone, can be estimated using the lines defining the square. Diamonds should have a table range from 53-64%; smaller tables have more fire (rainbow of color), while larger tables, more brilliance (white light). When the sides of the square are slightly bent in, the table is around 53-58%. When the sides are straight, the table is around 59-62%. If the lines bow out slightly, the percent may be 64% or higher, and the table will seem to spread across most of the crown surface. A wide table is usually a good indication that the overall cut or proportions are not ideal.


Image taken from
a former site at
adiamondisforever.com,
sponsored by The
Diamond Trading Company

1 B.C.E. is "before the common era," also referred to as B.C.
The material for this section came primarily from:

* A Diamond's Journey, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15842546/0.
* Altobelli Jewelers, www.altobelli.com
* American Diamond Buyers Guide, TheDiamond.com and ScheinerDiamonds.com, www.diamond-guide.com/
* Amnesty USA Clean Diamonds Act. Did Someone Die for that Diamond? www.amnestyusa.org/diamonds/
* A Brief Guide to Diamond Buying, Hall of Diamonds
* Diamonds at the Paris Natural History Museum, www.mnhn.fr/expo/diamants/index/english/ukinfo.htm
* Diamond Buyers Beware is from Michael McKnight's The Crystal Ball Inc.
* Diamond (Carbon). The Mineral Diamond. November 22, 1998. The Image Gallery. www.galleries.com/minerals/elements/ diamond/diamond.htm
* Diamond Cutters. www.diamondcutters.com/tutorial.html
* Diamondse.info (2004-2005). www.diamondse.info/
* Diamond Review (1999-2005). www.diamond.info/
* DiamondRing.com. www.diamondring.com/forums/diamondtutorial.php
* Diamonds the Real Story by National Geographic, magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2002/03/01/sights_n_sounds/media.1.2.html
* ELARA Diamond Co., a diamond sightholder at www.elaradiamonds.com
* DeBeers. A Diamond is Forever. www.adiamondisforever.com/
* Harlow, G. E. (1998). The nature of diamonds. NY: Cambridge University Press.
* Hurlbut, C. S., & Kammerling, R. C. (1991). Gemology. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
* James Allen, www.jamesallen.com/education/ and http://www.jamesallen.com/diamonds/, from www.jamesallen.com
* Jewelry Mall. www.jewelrymall.com/diamond-guide.html
* Keyguide (2001). DeBeers Sightholders. www.keyguide.net/sightholders/, from www.keyguide.net, and Diamond Exchange, www.keyguide.net/bourses.
* Matlins, A. L., & Bonanno, A. C. (1998). Jewelry & gems the buying guide. Woodstock, VT: GemStone Press.
* May, P. Diamond Molecule of the Month. www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/diamond/diamond.htm
* Nature of Diamonds. American Museum of Natural History. www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/
* NOVA on Diamond Deception. www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/diamond/
* Rapaport, M. (1982-2000). Diamond Trade Network. www.diamonds.net
* Schumann, W. (1997). Gemstones of the world. NY: Sterling Publishing.
* Smithsonian on the Hope Diamond. www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/hope.htm.
* Unique Diamonds (1997). A page from dendritics.com/scales/default.asp
* The UN on Conflict Diamonds: Sanctions and War www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html
* Wolfram Research by Eric Weisstein. scienceworld.wolfram.com/chemistry/Diamond.html

Return to the Syllabus or go on to the next lecture.

This page originates from the Earth Science department for the use and benefit of students enrolled at Emporia State University. For more information contact the course instructor, S. W. Aber, e-mail: [e-mail] Thanks for visiting! Webpage created: 1999; last update: April 16, 2007.
Copyright 1999-2007 Susan Ward Aber. All rights reserved.