What are major industrial methods of preparing HYDROGEN?

Question

and the same thing except for OXYGEN

Answer 1

ndustrial syntheses

Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways but the economically most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas.[31] At high temperatures (700 – 1100 °C; 1,300 – 2,000 °F), steam (water vapor) reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H2.

CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2

This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (20 atm; 600 inHg) since high pressure H2 is the most marketable product. The product mixture is known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:

CH4 → C + 2 H2

Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H2O.

Additional hydrogen from steam reforming can be recovered from the carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:[31] :CO + H2O → CO2 + H2

Other important methods for H2 production include partial oxidation of hydrocarbons:

CH4 + 0.5 O2 → CO + 2 H2

and the coal reaction, which can serve as a prelude to the shift reaction above:[31] :C + H2O → CO + H2

Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia (the world's fifth most produced industrial compound), hydrogen is generated from natural gas.

Hydrogen is also produced in usable quantities as a co-product of the major petrochemical processes of steam cracking and reforming. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product.

Answer 2

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