Who or what were the empires that ruled after the death of the Prophet Muhammad?

Question

I would like to know who or what were the empires that ruled the islamic countries after the death of Prophet Muhammad. I want to know the exact dates of all the four empires. Thank you for your help.

Answer 1

Rashidun
Rashidun and Muslim conquests
Abū Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and there was consensus in the Muslim community to his choice. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors (Majlis), but was soon perceived by some to be ruling as a "king" rather than an elected leader. Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. ˤAlī then took control, and although very popular, he was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt, and later by some of his own guard. He had two major rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. This period is known as the Fitna, or the first Islamic civil war.
Muˤāwiyya, a relative of Uthman, and governor (Wali) of Syria became one of ˤAlī's challengers. After ˤAlī's death, Muˤāwiyya managed to overcome other claimants to the Caliphate. Under Muˤāwiyya, the caliphate became a hereditary office for the first time. He founded the Umayyad dynasty.
In areas which were previously under Persian or Byzantine rule, the Caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy, greater religious freedom for Jews, indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare.[4]

1. Umayyads, 7th-8th century
Main article: Umayyad
Arabic,بنو أمية ) (Banu Umayyah), whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of Muawiyah I, was the first dynasty of the Muslim Caliphate, 660–750.


The Caliphate, 622-750
Expansion under the Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
Under the Umayyads the Caliphate grew rapidly geographically. Islamic rule expanded westward across North Africa and into Hispania and eastward through Persia and ultimately to Sindh and Punjab in modern day Pakistan. This made it one of the largest unitary states in the history of West Eurasia, extending its entire breadth, and one of the few states in history to ever extend direct rule over three continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia). Although not ruling all of the Sahara, homage was paid to the Caliph by Saharan Africa usually via various nomad Berber tribes.
Largely due to the fact that they were not elected via Shura, the Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim community. Some supported prominent early Muslims like az-Zubayr; others felt that only members of Muhammad's clan, the Banū Hashim, or his own lineage, the descendants of ˤAlī, should rule. There were numerous rebellions against the Umayyads, as well as splits within the Umayyad ranks (notably, the rivalry between Yaman and Qays). Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hisham and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. However, the Shiˤat ˤAlī, "the Party of ˤAlī", were again disappointed when the Abbasid dynasty took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib and not from ˤAlī. Following this disappointment, the Shiˤat ˤAlī finally split from the majority Sunni Muslims and formed what are today the several Shiˤa denominations.
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2. The Caliphate in Hispania
Main article: Caliph of Córdoba
The Caliphate of Córdoba (خليفة قرطبة) ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031.
During the Ummayad period Hispania was an integral province of the Ummayad Caliphate ruled from Damascus, Syria. Later the caliphate was won by the Abbasids and Al-Andalus (or Hispania) split from the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad to form their own caliphate. The Caliphate of Córdoba (خليفة قرطبة) ruled the Iberian peninsula from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable success in technology, trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Spain were constructed in this period, including the famous Great Mosque of Córdoba. The title Caliph (خليفة) was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Córdoba (أمير قرطبة). All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756. The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, before it split into taifas. Spain possessed a significant native Muslim population until 1610 with the success of the Catholic-instigated Spanish Inquisition, which expelled any remnants of Spanish Muslim (Morisco) or Jewish populations.

3. Abbasids, 8th-13th century
Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, al-‘Abbāsīyūn) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It seized power in 750 CE and shifted the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. Within 150 years of gaining power across Iran, they were forced to cede power to local dynastic amirs who only nominally acknowledged their power, and had to cede Al Andalus to an escaped Umayyad royal and the Maghreb and Ifriqiya to independent entities such as the Aghlabids and the Fatimids. Their rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. While they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt, the dynasty's secular authority had ended. Descendants of the Abbasids include the al-Abbasi tribe who live northeast of Tikrit in modern-day Iraq.
The Abbasids had an unbroken line of Caliphs for over three centuries, consolidating Islamic rule and cultivating great intellectual and cultural developments in the Middle East. By 940 the power of the Caliphate under the Abbasids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Berbers of North Western Africa, the Turkish, and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century, gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent. However, the Caliphate endured as both a symbolic position and a unifying entity for the Islamic world.


Abassid Provinces during the reign of Harun al-Rashid.
During the period of the Abassid dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The Shiˤa Said ibn Husayn of the Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of Caliph in 909, creating a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially covering Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and Palestine, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.
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Shadow Caliphate, 13th century
1258 saw the conquest of Baghdad and the execution of Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim by Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan. A surviving member of the Abbasid House was installed as Caliph at Cairo under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate three years later; however, the authority of this line of Caliphs was confined to ceremonial and religious matters, and later Muslim historians referred to it as a "shadow" Caliphate.

4. Ottomans, 15th-20th century
Main article: Ottoman Caliphate


The Ottoman Caliphate.
1517-1875
For the last 400 years of its existence, the Caliphate was claimed by the Turkish Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Though the Ottomans actively used the title only sporadically, from 1517 onwards the Ottoman Sultan came to be viewed as the de facto leader and representative of the Islamic world. From Constantinople (now Istanbul), the Ottomans ruled over an empire that, at its peak, covered Anatolia, most of the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and extended deep into Eastern Europe.
Ottoman rulers were known primarily by the title of Sultan and used the title of Caliph only sporadically. Mehmed II and his grandson Selim used it to justify their conquest of Islamic countries. As the Ottoman Empire grew in size and strength, Ottoman rulers beginning with Mehmed II began to claim Caliphal authority.
Ottoman rulers used the title "Caliph" symbolically on many occasions but it was strengthened when the Ottoman Empire defeated the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517 and took control of most Arab lands. The last Abbasid Caliph at Cairo, al-Mutawakkil III, was taken into custody and was transported to İstanbul, where he reportedly surrendered the Caliphate to Selim I. According to Barthold, the first time the title of "Caliph" was used as a political instead of symbolic religious title by the Ottomans was the peace treaty with Russia in 1774. The outcome of this war was disastrous for the Ottomans. Large territories, including those with large muslim populations, such as Crimea, were lost to the Russian Empire. However, the Ottomans under Abdulhamid I claimed a diplomatic victory by assigning themselves the protectors of Muslims in Russia as part of the peace treaty. This was the first time the Ottoman caliph was acknowledged as having political significance outside of Ottoman borders by a European power. As a consequence of this diplomatic victory, as the Ottoman borders were shrinking, the powers of the Ottoman caliph increased.
Around 1880 Sultan Abdulhamid II reasserted the title as a way of countering the spread of European colonialism in Muslim lands. His claim was most fervently accepted by the Muslims of British India. By the eve of the First World War, the Ottoman state, despite its weakness vis-à-vis Europe, represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity. But the sultan also enjoyed some authority beyond the borders of his shrinking empire as caliph of Muslims in Egypt, India and Central Asia.
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Khilafat Movement, 1920
Main article: Khilafat Movement
See also: Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
In the 1920s the Khilafat Movement, a movement to defend the Ottoman Caliphate, spread throughout the British colonial territories in Asia. It was particularly strong in British India, where it was a rallying point for Muslim and Hindu communities led by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar. It was the first significant anti-British Indian political movement to enjoy support among Hindus and Muslims, including Gandhi as a member. However, after the arrest or abscondment of its leaders, and a series of offshoots the movement lost its momentum.
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End of Caliphate, 1924
Further information: Atatürk's Reforms
On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his reforms, constitutionally abolished the institution of the Caliphate. Its powers within Turkey were transferred to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish Republic and the title has since been inactive.

There were also the Fatimids:
"The Fatimids, Fatimid Caliphate or al-Fātimiyyūn (Arabic الفاطميون) is the Arab Shi'a dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant from 5 January 910 to 1171, and founded the Egyptian city of Cairo as their capital. The term Fatimite is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate. The ruling elite of the state belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders of the dynasty were also Shia Ismaili Imams, hence, they had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of Caliph, as recognized by most Muslims, the only period in which the Shia Imamate and the Caliphate were united to any degree, excepting the Caliphate of Ali himself."

Answer 2

there was 4 main periods after the death of our Prophet
First : (Al-Rashidi) time

The rulers were:
1 Ateeq The son of Abi Qohafa was called Abu Baker "Al sedeeq"
he ruled from 23-8-634 to 7-6-632
was born in 574 and died in 635
2 Omar ben Al Khattab
he ruled from 6-11-644 to 23-8-634
was born in 583 and he was killed in 644
3 Othman Ben Affan
he ruled from 6-11-644 to 16-6-656
was born in 576 and he was killed in 656
4 Ali Ben Abi Taleb
he ruled from 16-6-656 to 660
he was born in 600 and killed in 661

Secound : (Al-Omawi) Time

the rulers ware:
1. Mo'aweya Ben Abi Sufyan
he ruled from 661 to 680 was born in 606 died in 680
2 Yazeed Ben Mo'aweya
he ruled from 680 to 683 was born in 646 died in 684
3 Mo'aweya Ben Yazeed
he ruled for just 40 in 683 was born in 664 died in 684
4 Abd Allah Ben Al Zubayer
he ruled from 683 to 692 was born in 623 killed in 692
5 Marwan Ben Al Hakam
he ruled from 684 to 685
6 Abed Almalek Ben Marwan
he ruled from 685 to 705 was born in 647 died in 705
7 Alwaleed Ben Abd Almalek
he ruled from 705 to 715
8 Solayman Ben Abd Almalek
he ruled from 715 to 717
9 Omar Ben Abd Alazeez
he ruled from 717 to 720 was born in 681 killed by poison in 720
10 Yazeed Ben Abd Almalek
he ruled from 720 to 724 was born in 691 died in 723
11 Hisham Ben Abd Almalek
he ruled from 724 to 743 was born in 690 died in 743
12 Alwaleed Ben Yazeen
he ruled from 743 to 744 was born in 709 killed in 744
13 Yazeed Ben Alwaleed
he ruled from 744 to 744
14 Ibrahem Ben Alwaleed
He ruled from 744 to 744 he was dethroned by Al Abaseen
15 Marwan Ben Mohammad
He ruled from 744 to 750 killed by Al Abaseen
they also ruled in Spain (Al Andalos) from 756 to 1031

Thired : (Al Abaseen) time
--there was 38 rulers ruled in Bagdad in Iraq begined with
Abd Allah Ben Muhammad Alemam from 749 to 754
and ended with Ahmab Ben Alhasan from 1261 to 1261
--And 16 rulers ruled in Cairo in Egypt begind with
Ahmad Al Mostanser Bellah from 1261 to 1262 he was killed
and ended with Ya'aqub Al Mostamsek Bellah from 1516 to 1571

Forth : (Al-Othmanyoon) time
ther was 37 rulers begined with Othman Ben Artagul
from 1300 to 1326
Ended with Abd Almajeed Ben Abd Alazeez
from 1922 to 1924

this what I can wrote for you right now but if you know Arabic language you can enter this website I think it will be useful enough for you if you cant am always here for any further questions
http://www.hukam.net

Answer 3

he was no prophet, he was only out for profit