questions about abolitionists.?

Question

what caused the groups to assemble, protest, petition, etc? and
what types of action did they take?
please answer quickly! thank you so much.

Answer 1

political movement that seeks to end the practice of slavery and the worldwide slave trade. It began during the period of the Enlightenment and grew to large proportions in Europe and United States during the 19th century, eventually succeeding in some of its goals, although child and adult slavery and forced labour continue to be widespread to this day.

History of abolition in the United States
Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War and History of slavery in the United States
In The Struggle for Equality, historian James M. McPherson defines an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War in the United States had agitated for the immediate, unconditional, and total abolition of slavery in the United States."

Although there were several groups that opposed slavery (such as the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage), at the time of the founding of the Republic, there were few states which prohibited slavery outright. The Constitution had several provisions which accommodated slavery, although none used the word.

American abolitionism began very early, well before the United States were formed as a nation. Samuel Sewall, a prominent Bostonian and one of the judges at the Salem Witch Trials, wrote The Selling of Joseph in protest of the widening practice of outright slavery as opposed to indentured servitude in the colonies. This is the earliest-recorded anti-slavery tract published in the future United States.

Abolitionists included those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or its auxiliary groups in the 1830s and 1840s as the movement fragmented.[11] The fragmented anti-slavery movement included groups such as the Libery party; the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; the American Missionary Association; and the Church Anti-Slavery Society. McPherson describes three types of abolitionists prior to the war between the states:

On the ideological spectrum, from immediate abolition on the Left to conservative antislavery on the Right, it is often hard to tell where "abolition" (which demanded unconditional emancipation and usually envisaged civil :equality for the free slaves.) ended and "antislavery" or "free soil" (which desired only the containment of slavery and was ambivalent on the question of equality) began. In New England particularly, many free soilers were abolitionists at heart; in the mid-Atlantic states and even more in the old Northwest, political abolitionists tended to submerge their abolitionist identity in the broader but shallower stream of free soil.
All of the states north of Maryland began gradually to abolish slavery between 1781 and 1804; all the states abolished or severely limited the slave trade, Rhode Island in 1774 (Virginia had also attempted to do so before the Revolution, but the Privy Council had vetoed the act), all the others by 1786, Georgia in 1798. These northern emancipation acts typically provided that slaves born before the law was passed would be freed at a certain age, and so remnants of slavery lingered; in New Jersey, a dozen "permanent apprentices" were recorded in the 1860 census. The first state to abolish slavery outright was Pennsylvania in 1780.

The institution remained solid in the South, however, and that region's customs and social beliefs evolved into a strident defense of slavery in response to the rise of a stronger anti-slavery stance in the North. The anti-slavery sentiment, which existed before 1830 among many people in the North, was joined after 1840 by the vocal few of the abolitionist movement. The majority of Northerners rejected the extreme positions of the abolitionists; Abraham Lincoln, for example. Indeed many northern leaders including Lincoln, Stephen Douglas (the Democratic nominee in 1860), John C. Fremont (the Republican nominee in 1856), and Ulysses S. Grant married into slave owning southern families without any moral qualms.

Abolitionism as a principle was far more than just the wish to limit the extent of slavery. Most Northerners recognized that slavery existed in the South and the Constitution did not allow the federal government to intervene there. Most Northerners favored a policy of gradual and compensated emancipation. After 1849 abolitionists rejected this and demanded it end immediately and everywhere. John Brown was the only abolitionist known to have actually planned a violent insurrection, though David Walker promoted the idea. The abolitionist movement was strengthened by the activities of free African-Americans, especially in the black church, who argued that the old Biblical justifications for slavery contradicted the New Testament. African-American activists and their writings were rarely heard outside the black community; however, they were tremendously influential to some sympathetic whites, most prominently the first white activist to reach prominence, William Lloyd Garrison, who was its most effective propagandist. Garrison's efforts to recruit eloquent spokesmen led to the discovery of ex-slave Frederick Douglass, who eventually became a prominent activist in his own right. Eventually, Douglass would publish his own, widely distributed abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

In the early 1850s, the American abolitionist movement split into two camps over the issue of the United States Constitution. This issue arose in the late 1840s after the publication of The Unconstitutionality of Slavery by Lysander Spooner. The Garrisonians, led by Garrison and Wendell Phillips, publicly burned copies of the Constitution, called it a pact with slavery, and demanded its abolition and replacement. Another camp, led by Lysander Spooner, Gerrit Smith, and eventually Douglass, considered the Constitution to be an antislavery document. Using an argument based upon Natural Law and a form of social contract theory, they said that slavery existed outside of the Constitution's scope of legitimate authority and therefore should be abolished.

Another split in the abolitionist movement was along class lines. The artisan republicanism of Robert Dale Owen and Frances Wright stood in stark contrast to the politics of prominent elite abolitionists such as industrialist Arthur Tappan and his evangelist brother Lewis. While the former pair opposed slavery on a basis of solidarity of "wage slaves" with "chattel slaves", the Whiggish Tappans strongly rejected this view, opposing the characterization of Northern workers as "slaves" in any sense. (Lott, 129-130)

Many American abolitionists took an active role in opposing slavery by supporting the Underground Railroad. This was made illegal by the federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Nevertheless, participants like Harriet Tubman, Henry Highland Garnet, Alexander Crummell, Amos Noë Freeman and others continued with their work. Two significant events in the struggle to destroy slavery were the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue and John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.

After the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, abolitionists continued to pursue the freedom of slaves in the remaining slave states, and to better the conditions of black Americans generally. The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 officially ended slavery.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_opponents_of_slavery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionists

Answer 2

An abolitionist was a person who wanted to do away with slavery. In the 1830's abolitionists began to speak out in public.
In 1831 a Boston, Massachusetts newspaper called The Liberator was published. The editor was an abolitionist named William Lloyd Garrison. Garrison used the newspaper to tell Congress and the world that slavery must be abolished. Many people agreed with Garrison. In 1833 Garrison and others formed the National Antislavery Society which published books and papers about slavery.

Remember the Fugitive Slave Law from the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This law stated that "free" states, those states which did not allow slaves, must return escaping slaves to their owners. Abolitionists did not obeyed this law.
sojourn.gif (48579 bytes) Sojourner Truth was a slave who was freed in 1827. She began lecturing about the issue of slavery. Truth was a forceful speaker. Many people listened to her causes. President Abraham Lincoln chose her to be a counselor to the freedmen in Washington.


Another group that helped slaves was the Underground Railroad. This was a chain of homes and farms where escaped slaves could go for help. The chain of safe houses ran to Canada were the slaves could be free.

Many free ex-slaves took part in the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman guided more than 300 slaves along the Underground Railroad.

Frederick Douglass was born a slave. He taught himself to read and write. He ran away from his master. Douglass wrote and told of his life as a slave and gave lectures to groups of abolitionists.

Henry "Box" Brown mailed himself from Richmond to the home of an abolitionist in the Philadelphia. Later he became free.

Another person who helped Americans become aware of the life of a slave was Harriet Beecher Stowe. She lived in Hartford, Connecticut. Stowe's father was an abolitionist. She visited a plantation in Kentucky. There she learned about slavery. Stowe wrote a book about the cruelty of slavery called Uncle Tom's Cabin. This book was published in 1852. It became a best-seller in the north. The book was banned in the southern states. Later it was made into a play.

In Uncle Tom's Cabin there was a cruel slave owner named Simon Legree. He mistreated all the slaves on his plantation. Most of all he mistreated Little Eva. She was a young black slave and Uncle Tom was an older slave. Tom tried to be nice to Legree. The nicer he was the more he was punished. Legree whipped and finally killed old Uncle Tom.

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Answer 3

They had a moral opposition to slavery. They wanted to abolish it everywhere. They did many things. Look up the Underground Railway.

Answer 4

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