What are the differences between isomers and allotropes and polymorphs?

Question

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Answer 1

Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula, but a different arrangement of atoms. They are compounds, and in some cases the types of bonds and chemical properties are similar or identical, but this is not necessarily true. Propanol, C3H8O, has two isomers: propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol. Methoxyethane is also an isomer of C3H8O, but methoxyethane has very different properties from the propanols, which are very similar to each other.

Allotropes are not compounds, but rather different forms of the same pure chemical element. Allotropes refer to multiple bonding structures in the same phase of matter, and not the fact that the bonding structure is different between, say, a solid and a liquid composed of the same element. Diamond and graphite are a good example of allotropes; both are pure carbon.

Polymorphism describes variations in the crystal structure of a material. It is very similar to allotrophy, except that it refers to compounds instead of elements.

Answer 2

Isomers have exactly the same compounds but different molecular arrangements. They are something like fraternal twins. Isotopes have the exact same electronical configuration. In other words they have the same no. of electrons and protons but differ only by the number of neutrons. You can call them idential twins. What you want here is the isotope. There are a few isotopes of carbon, namely 12-Carbon, 14-Carbon and even 60-Carbon used to make buckministerfullerene, or the buckyball. The pure form of carbon will only have isotopes, but assuming you are involving carbon in a reaction an isonomer may be produced.

Answer 3

Polymorphism And Allotropy