what are physiological responses of the body that cause an increase in blood pressure such as exersising...?

Question

submerging your head under water

Answer 1

Blood pressure is regulated by extrinsic factors: neural (ANS) and hormonal, and intrinsic factors by the smooth muscle in the vessel walls.
Baroreceptors located in the wall of the aorta and carotid arteries monitors blood pressure and sends impulse to the medulla which then adjustes the sympathetic tone accordingly. In adddition, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAS) axis is also very important in maintaining blood pressure, ie in case of hypovolemia, the juxtaglomerular mesangial cells of the kidney release a proteolytic enzyme called renin which cleaves liver produced angitensinogen ( a zymogen) into angiotensin I which is then converted to angiotensin II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) this is a potent vasoconstrictor. in addition angiotensin causes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal medulla which causes the conservation of Na+ and Water from the distal part of the nephron further increasing blood pressure. If the blood pressure is high, then there is an increase GFR (since the filtration in the glomeruli is dependent on blood pressure which drives the filtration) and you will urinate more and the blood pressure will fall. In addition stretch on the atria causes the release of ANP(atrial natriuretic peptide) which help to eliminate Na+ and water and decrease BP. Upon exercise, the "exercise center" in the medulla elevate the set-point which then activates the sympathetic division of the ANS causing an increase in Heart rate and blood pressure and bronchodilation to increase the efficacy of the oxygenation of the blood and get more oxygen rich blood to the working skeletal muscle fibers. As one excercises after a while due to the heat production, there will occur some cutaneous vasodilation that will causes excess sweating in an effort to cool the body, so must be very careful to replace lost fluids, and always drink mineral water because drinking pure tap water will cause you to loose salt and actual causes "water-poisoning" resulting in muscle cramps, fatigue, and if it is very sever unconciousness and possibly can be fatal

Answer 2

The 'cause' of hypertension has been the subject of considerable study over the past 2 decades. The answers so far have listed 'things' which might contribute to your blood pressure reading but they are not causal. The arteries are lined by endothelial cells. They are a continual 'tube' and the blood circulating through such vessels is often referred to as the blood envelope. It is thought that the primary cause of hypertension is endothelial dysfunction. The endothelial cell is truly remarkable and the ability to generate a wide variety of vaso-active substances. Endothelial dysfunction is thought initially to be a reversal of the normal response to vaso-active peptides. This means that something that would normally dilate the blood vessel actually constricts it. The next step in hypertension is thought to be an alteration in rheology (blood flow). Laminar blood flow is good but hypertensive individuals begin to display non-laminar blood flow. This is important because with laminar blood flow potentially harmful substances in the blood stream do not come in contact with the wall of the artery. With non-laminar blood flow not only due such substances 'strike' the wall of the artery they cause the wall of the artery to express adhesion factors so that these harmful substances stick to the wall of the blood vessel. Penetration of these substances into the intima or media of the arterial wall is thought to the be next step. The problem is that there is about a 10 year period involving what I have referenced above prior to the blood pressure being elevated. Thus considerable damage has been done prior to diagnosis. This suggests that routine blood pressure measurement is essential in making an early diagnosis and once the diagnosis is made decisive and definitive intervention is very important. We have several families of drugs today which seem to restore endothelial function as well as lower blood pressure. Of course no medication will be able to undo all of the damage meaning that a hypertensive patient with a 'normal' blood pressure will have a higher risk of cardiovascular events than someone with the same blood pressure reading but without a history of hypertension. If I may be of further assistance please let me know. I wish you the very best of health and may God bless.

Answer 3

The body has many control systems that monitor the cardiac system. In particular, there are "baroreceptors" (pressure receptors) in the aortic arch and caroitd sinus. If there is an increase in blood pressure, they will measure it, and, by activating different parts of the autonomic nervous system, bring blood pressure back to "normal". However, there is an "exercise center" in the brain that changes the set point for both heart rate and blood pressure during exercise.

Answer 4

If your Blood pressure increases u will sweating, fainting