what are the features of lowercase letters?

Answer 1

"Lower case" letters are generally characterized by one or more of these features

(1) smaller than their upper case equivalents.
This actually applies to ALL of the lower case letters, but the most straightforward examples are:
C - c
I - i *
J - j *
O - o
P p
S - s
U - u
V - v
W - w
X - x
Z - z

(the dots were added later to i/j to help some confusion, esp. of the i with strokes in letters like m, n)

(2) rounder than upper case
A - a
E - e
F - f
H - h
M - m
N - n

(3) simpler, reducing or eliminating strokes
B - b
D - d
L - l
R - r

(4) having "ascenders" or "descenders", that is, strokes that go above or below OTHER lower case letters (descenders, since they go "below the line", also below the upper case letters).
Ascenders: b, d, h, k
Descenders: g, j, p, q, y

Note how these are actually simply the product of the previous features (1 & 3 especially)


Also, note how ALL these features are related to the ORIGIN of this type of letters. Of course, originally there were only what we call the "capital or "upper case" letters. The lower case, also called "minuscules", developed from the QUICK hand-writing of letters. The newer forms were, understandably, smaller, rounder and simpler.

Answer 2

Below-the-line staffs for some

Answer 3

They don't have upper case characteristics.