tadpoles?????????????? help~!!111!!!!!!?

Question

i have tadepoles i a bucket of water can somone help me on takin care of them ? thx a bunch!

theres aabout 9, but i will get more after somone tells me about what i need to do for them to keep them alive and happy!

Answer 1

Here is everything you need to know
http://www.fdrproject.org/pages/POtads.htm
http://www.mdc.mo.gov/conmag/1995/07/06.html
http://allaboutfrogs.org/info/tadpoles/

Hope that helps
Good luck


EB

Answer 2

i would look up on the computer how too take care of tadpoles and search the web

Answer 3

can you be more specific on the number of tadpoles?

Answer 4

uh... what they said ^^^

Answer 5

Caring for a few tadpoles and watching them turn into frogs (metamorphose) is a fascinating and rewarding activity for young and old alike. It is also becoming more useful for scientific reasons, too. There are still many things we don't know about frogs and many species worldwide are disappearing before our eyes. Some of the information about a frog's life cycle are far easier to obtain from frogs and tadpoles in captivity.

It is also much easier to discover if any diseases are active as sick or dead tadpoles are hardly ever found in the wild. With the severity of the recent Australian drought, the rescue of tadpoles from dwindling puddles or overcrowded frog ponds is that much more important. Do remember, though, that if you are in an area where mosquito-borne diseases like Dengue and Ross River Fever occur, you MUST ensure that your tadpole enclosures do not breed any mosquitos. If you live in Cairns, please refer to the bottom of this page for specific legal information important to your tadpole keeping.

Tadpoles are generally easy to keep IF you have them set up CORRECTLY, but there are some simple guidelines to follow so that your tadpoles will be healthy and change into frogs successfully. They are:

tadpoles need a certain amount of time (for multiple daily feedings, for example) and usually money for their food so don't collect more tadpoles than you have time and money to care for
clean water from an unpolluted source
sufficient oxygen
a suitable container (or three ...)
food which doesn't foul the water
a watchful eye during metamorphosis
Where Are Tadpoles Found?

There are many places to find tadpoles such as a nearby stream, a swamp, a drainage canal, a dam, pond, lake or billabong. (Remember to think about your own safety in approaching bodies of water - there might be a risk from weeds which your legs can get tangled in, steep slopes, slippery bottoms, etc. In the tropics, there might also be risks from Leptospirosis in the water, dengue mozzies, etc. - bring an adult to help collect the tadpoles.) Sometimes frogs lay eggs in places we would rather they didn't like a swimming pool, a flooded curbside or an ornamental container in our garden that filled with water during a heavy rain. If you want to collect tadpoles to raise in tanks or you have a new frog pond that you would like to stock, we strongly recommend that you read our page on Tadpole Movements. There are serious disease problems around most of Australia and you would not want to find yourself with a tank or pond with contagious animals in it (disinfecting a contaminated pond can be a labourious, dreaded task).

After you have read the Tadpole Distribution page, then you are ready to rescue some tadpoles from a rapidly dwindling puddle or receive extras from a frog pond owner in your neighbourhood. One of the most common questions about collecting tadpoles is how to avoid collecting the tadpoles of cane toads (referred to as TOADpoles for clarity). To tell the difference, visit the Toadpoles vs Tadpoles page.

Some people believe that collecting any animal from the wild is wrong and some states have regulations to control this. In Queensland, it IS legal to collect and keep tadpoles until they have turned into frogs and you do not need a licence or permit to KEEP tadpoles but you will need a permit to MOVE/rescue tadpoles (see the Keeping section - QLD regulations page for more details). However, (according to the current regulations) they must be released back to where they were collected from or close to it within seven days of metamorphosis. This regulation, unfortunately, is completely inadequate when it comes to knowing if the tadpoles picked up any diseases when they were in the wild. If you wanted to be sure they did not have chytrid fungus, for example, you would be best keeping the juveniles for one month before release.

Most of the known frog diseases affect the little metamorphs very strongly and cause them to die within the first three weeks after they leave the water. If you release all the metamorphs in seven days (as regulated in QLD), you won't know if they were exposed to disease or not. If you live in QLD, it is up to you whether you abide by the Queensland regulation. But IFyou are able to find enough tiny food to keep your metamorphs well fed for three to four weeks, then you will be able to release frogs which you can be more confident don't have a disease. Feeding metamorphs can be a difficult task in drought affected areas because of the dwindling food supply so if you CAN'T find enough food, then it would be better to release the metamorphs quickly and leave it to their instincts and talents to find their own food.

There are genuine conservation benefits to collecting tadpoles from the wild which include:

Tadpoles normally don't survive in the wild as well as they do in captivity (with the right care) because they are food for other animals and sensitive to changing conditions and weather patterns. By raising tadpoles in captivity, more of them can reach metamorphosis to begin their lives as frogs.
The learning experience children and adults get from caring for tadpoles and watching them change into frogs helps keep nature and the environment 'in the picture'. The more urbanised our towns and cities become, the less connection with nature we have. After awhile, it becomes 'out of sight - out of mind' and we lose sight of its importance and the needs of the species that need a healthy environment to live. Raising tadpoles and thinking about their needs reminds us that nature is still there and needs to be looked after.
Many professional scientists, veterinarians, biology teachers and wildlife managers started out as a keeper of native animals when they were young. By being allowed to care for and learn more about native animals, their interest was nurtured and kept growing until it became their chosen work. Such career choices are far less likely if the occupant has not had a long term interest and interaction with nature and wildlife.
The Container

The very first step in setting up your tadpoles is asking what are you going to put them in. The best containers are shorter and wider as opposed to taller and narrower. This has to do with the oxygen availability. Any container made of metal is out of the question, including those coated with enamel or porcelain. Glass is good but consider the weight of it when the container has to be moved or cleaned. Broccoli boxes (foam boxes; styrofoam for our American friends!) are also a good choice. They are lightweight, insulated by nature and are wide. The plastic molded kiddie pools are also good if you want to have a large number of tadpoles and you have the necessary water available.

Plastic is good but don't use a bucket that has already been used to hold any cleaning products or other chemicals. The plastic 'small critter tanks' sold in pet shops are a very good choice:

they have snap-on lids to keep the tadpoles in and other things out;
you can sit and watch the tadpoles easily;
you can position the tank where it will get limited sunlight sometime during the day;and
the snap-on lid will be useful when the tadpoles metamorph (important if you have rescued tadpoles from outside your neighbourhood - the metamorphs will have to be returned to where you found them)
Sand on the bottom of your chosen container is very useful for tadpoles. They seem to like to forage around in it looking for microbials. Where you get the sand is important. Beach sand is great but you must make sure that every trace of salt is removed from it before it can be used. To leach beach sand, you need to wash it throughly until the water comes out clear. Then divide up the sand into several containers such as plastic ice cream containers. Fill with sand halfway and then fill with water to the top, stir, then leave sitting for two days. Drain the water and refill with fresh water and stir up the sand. Leave for two days and keep repeating this procedure until you have done about 6 or 7 water changes. By then, all the salt should have reverse-osmosed out of the sand.

To save the hassle of leaching salt, use river sand instead from a section of river that is not tidal. Quarry sand can also be used but the it should be soaked the same way as the beach sand for one or two water changes. Aquarium gravel is only recommended if it is the tiny, very round pebbles. Avoid the glass gravels or larger pebbles.

Arrange the sand along the bottom til it is about half an inch/15mm deep. Then carefully add the rain water (see Water below). Let the tank sit for a few minutes so that the sand settles and the water clears. Then you can add plants (see Oxygen below) and tadpoles. (If you are caring for a batch of tadpoles which has turned out to be diseased, don't bother with the sand as it will make the frequent water changes more difficult.)

How many containers will you need? It depends on how many tadpoles you plan to accommodate. The 'best practice' rule of thumb is that you should have a litre of water for each tadpole by the time it gets to adult size. When they are small, you can fit more than that but you will need to divide them up as they get bigger. A container that holds 20 litres of water (about 4 gallons) should only have 20 or 30 full grown tadpoles in it. Be aware that overcrowding tadpoles causes a whole array of problems and increases the amount of work you will need to do dramatically.

Many people ask about snails in the tadpole tank. If you are in the USA, snails should be removed and a full water change done immediately after because snails can carry larval trematode worms (flatworm parasites) which attack the tadpoles and cause deformities. (The deformed frogs problem famous in the US midwest is caused by these larval parasites.)

The Water

Tadpoles have gills so they need really clean water just like your aquarium fish. If you plan to get some tadpoles, you'll need to get your water ready before you bring the tadpoles home. The best practice is to use rain water but if you are in a drought area, you might not have any access to this. (If you are in or near an industrialised area in the northern hemisphere, the local rain water might be too polluted to risk with tadples so distilled water from the shops is recommended.) Stream water can be used but the risk of disease means that it would be better to boil the stream water and let it cool completely. Then store it in closed containers so it stays clean.

If neither of these options is available, then tap water can be used but not straight from your tap! At least not right away. There are two ways you can prepare tap water for your tadpoles:

add a water conditioner from your aquarium shop which instantly ages water, stir well and then let the water sit for at least an hour; or
let the tap water sit in an uncovered, non-metalic container for at least 4 days before using it.
Tap water contains chemicals which will kill your tadpoles. Letting it sit for a few days allows these chemicals to evaporate out of the water. If you plan to keep tadpoles, it is a good idea to store extra aged water in several very clean plastic milk containers (put the cap back on the bottle after the water has aged to keep it clean). Keep a steady supply of aged water on hand for water changes.

Many houses have old copper pipes and no amount of aging will remove the copper from the water. If this is the situation in your home, it is far better to collect rain water for your tadpoles. It's easier and cleaner and it falls free out of the sky (if your local council charges for water, then this last point will ring home to you)! When collecting rain water, it would be better to avoid water coming off the roof if your roof is metal. Arrange a series of plastic containers on the lawn instead to collect the rain and then bottle it. Alternatively, water that has been filtered can be used but only if you can verify that the filter removes all traces of chlorine, chloramine, ammonia and metals.

Once you have your tadpoles happily setup in your tank, foam box or other chosen container, you'll need to watch for fouling of the water. Tadpoles + food + droppings = ammonia. When ammonia builds up in the water, the tadpoles will start looking sluggish. If left in the same water, the tadpoles will start to die. Once the water starts to look like weak tea or is cloudy or has small bubbles forming on the surface of the water, it's time to change the water. You can also buy an ammonia test kit at your aquarium shop with will tell you exactly when the water needs to be changed. You will not need to change the water very often at all unless you are putting too much food in or you have put too many tadpoles in.

If the water is just beginning to look a bit "off", then a partial water change is needed. Carefully scoop out about 1/3 of the water - putting a net over the mouth of the cup will help keep the tadpoles from getting sucked in. Slowly add fresh rain water so that all the sand is not churned up. If the tank has been left too long and the water is so bad that tadpoles are looking poorly, then a complete water change is needed. Put aside a bowl with fresh rain water in it and gently scoop up the tadpoles using a soft net. Be careful not to bump or scratch the tadpoles. They have soft skin and damage during handling can result in deformities when the tadpoles turn into frogs. Clean the tank, rinse very well and wash the sand; then set up again like you did in the beginning.

Oxygen and Hiding

According to the calls we get, lack of oxygen seems to be one of the most common mistakes in raising tadpoles. If you are raising tadpoles collected from a stream, it is best to have an aerator running gently; if they are from stagnant water, aeration might be disruptive and stressful so underwater aquatic plants will be essential for providing oxygen. These plants also provide some shelter and hiding areas for the tadpoles.

Many people choose decorative plants such as water lilies, reeds or floating ferns but these do not provide enough oxygen for the tadpoles and the amount of the water's surface they interfere with may actually reduce the amount of oxygen available. Leafy plants suspended in the water are the best type of plants to use. A small amount of floating fern can be used but this should not be allowed to cover over more than 25% of the surface. Even pest weeds such as combomba are okay so long as they are removed from the wild and NOT dumped back to the wild when you're finished with the tadpoles. If the leaves have some algae growing on them, the tadpoles will eat the algae.

The more tadpoles being kept in the container, the more underwater plants you'll need but don't choke up the tank with plants. If you need to fill the tank with plants, then you probably have too many tadpoles in it. In order for the plants to survive, they will need some sun each day. The tadpoles also need sunlight to obtain vitamin D which in turn helps them process calcium. Position the tadpole containers on a covered veranda or other spot where they can get an hour or two a day of sun but no more than that. Too much sun will heat the water too much!.

The Food

Tadpoles have a long, coiled intestine which is designed for eating plant matter but they love protein when they can get it. Plant material can be any variety of lettuce or spinach which must be boiled or frozen before giving to the tadpoles. (Freezing uses less energy because your refrigerator is always on anyway.) Organically grown lettuce is better so you can be sure it hasn't been sprayed with harmful chemicals before you buy it. Old leaves with algae on them from creeks can also be used as a supplement but these leaves could be a source of disease so avoid urban drains. Do not use celery leaves!

Whatever plants you decide to try, make sure that they are not toxic and always wash the leaves thoroughly, then boil or freeze them. There's a saying: "if in doubt, leave it out". Even better than risking chemicals on commercially grown crops is to use a compressed algae fish product called Algae Disks which might be sold by your local aquarium or pet shop. A combination of food types is good.

Protein can be given to the tads once or twice a week and increased to several times a week after back legs have formed. Protein is very easy to provide because tadpoles will eat bottom feeder fish food tablets. Many types are available at your pet shop but a good one is Tetra Pleco-Min 5 Star formula which contains a high protein algae called Spirulina. Some people use other forms of protein such as cooked egg yolk or a chicken bone tied on a string and dangled in the water but these will foul the water immediately, are the wrong kind of protein and should be avoided.

Feeding tadpoles requires small amounts of food frequently. You should only throw in a small amount of food which will be gone in about 8 hours. It is better to throw in food a couple times a day rather than once a day or every other day. Don't put a couple days worth of food in to save time - this will instantly foul the water and you'll have to spend a lot more time doing a partial or full water change. A tadpole's whole life is to eat constantly so keep an eye on the tank and add more food as soon as the last lot is gone.

The Critical Time: Metamorphosis

When you see front legs (arms) on your tadpoles, they are fast approaching the delicate stage of turning into a frog. This is an amazing stage in a frog's life where the sort of special effects that you see in some movies actually take place in real life. At this time:

the mouthparts completely change
gills stop functioning and lungs start to work
the intestinal track changes from the long intestine of a plant eater to the short intestine of a protein eater (insects are almost entirely protein)
the skin changes from the smooth, slimy skin of an underwater dweller to porous skin which allows air and water through
limbs containing bones grow out of a body which had no limbs or bones
the tail muscle and fin deteriorates and is reabsorbed by the body
When your new frogs leave the water, they might still have a full tail but they can jump. The tail will shrink and be gone in one or two days. (Each species is different so some will leave the water with full tails and others will leave the water with the tail almost gone.) Although most of the tadpoles I've kept simply shimmy or climb up the side of the tank when they leave the water, not all tadpoles will do this. You should put something in the container which the metamorphs can climb onto. It should start under the water and stick out of the top and it should be fixed so it doesn't move. This could be a fat stick or a rock - whatever you can find, so long as it is not made of metal. Water hyacinth is excellent for this but it is a pest so don't dump it back into the wild when you're finished with it! Floating ferns are also good.

Experience is the best teacher when it comes to metamorphs. But the most important thing when a metamorph emerges from the water is that is should be removed from the tadpole tank immediately. (If you are raising tadpoles which came from your yard or neighbourhood originally, then they can be allowed to simply take off on their own. If you are rescuing tadpoles from another location, you need to catch each metamorph and place it in a tank so it can be returned to its place of origin.) Once the new frog has started using its lungs to breathe, it is often unable to use the gills anymore (this depends on the species). If the new frog falls back into the water, it could drown.

Some species are unable to climb out of the water at all, even with a rock. The Ornate Burrowing frog lays its eggs in flooded grassy areas and has a fast developing tadpole. Ideally, the tadpoles are ready to leave the water by the time the puddle they're in dries up. They simply wait for the water to drain away. This doesn't happen in a tank or pond so the metamorph floats on the surface for a day and then drowns. If you are keeping a ground species, you need to fetch the metamorphs out of the water as soon as their tail is about half its original length. The tail will start to crinkle up and this is a sign that it's time to go!

If you plan to keep your new frogs for a short time or if you have rescued tadpoles which will need to be returned, you should have a small plastic pet tank ready to place the little frogs in. Put some leaf litter and a small piece of curved bark inside for the frogs to hide in. Some small branches from a bush will also provide hiding and perching space for tree frogs. If you have rescued a ground dwelling species, use some of the same sand you prepared for the tadpole tanks in the bottom of the frog tank but make it a bit deeper.

Spray the inside walls of the frog tank with aged tap or rain water daily so that the humidity stays high. A shallow jar cap filled with rain water can be placed on the bottom of the tank in case any of the frogs want more water but make sure that the water is no deeper than the the frogs' shoulders when it sits so that the frog won't drown.

The new frogs will not start to eat until the tail has been completely reabsorbed. Once the tail is gone, trap some tiny flies (such as vinegar or fruit flies) and put them in the tank. To keep them in the tank, a sheet of thin fabric can be stretched over the top of the tank but under the lid. Housefly larvae (maggots) are also enjoyed by metamorphs. Some species of ground dwelling frogs like those tiny dark ants so try some in the tank. If the frogs eat them, you will have another food to use besides vinegar flies. If the frogs ignore them or spit them out, don't use the ants anymore. Do not try to feed green ants to your new frogs -- the ants will kill them. If the tank is on a patio or near an open window, you can also put small pieces of banana or orange in the bottom corners (without the fabric under the lid). The tiny flies will smell the fruit and enter the tank through the lid holes.

Ready to Rejoin the Bush

When it is time to release your frogs, the best place to do this is usually at the place you collected the tadpoles from -- although sometimes, this is not the best thing to do. If you rescued the tadpoles from a swimming pool or flooded curb or from a stream that has since been polluted or developed over, then you need to find someplace else nearby to release the frogs. Choosing the best release site depends on the species of frog you have. Refer to a frog guide and see what is described for the habitat of your species. Then look for a site that matches that description.

The best time to release tadpoles is on cloudy/rainy days or late afternoons so that the sun is not too strong, the temps are starting to cool but there is still enough light for the tadpoles to move around and choose hiding spots.

The tadpoles are dying -- what's wrong?

If you find that large numbers of tadpoles are dying in your containers, then something is wrong. Use this checklist to see if something needs to be fixed:

Is the water clear or is it starting to go 'off'? Have you done an ammonia test?
Has anyone put their hands in the water in the last 24 hours?
Have any cane toads gotten into the container?
Have any chemicals splashed into the water?
Has anyone sprayed any room fresheners, carpet cleaners, bug sprays or other aerosols nearby?
What sort of water did you use?
Did you use an old container of fish food (which might have gone mouldy)?
Did you wash the lettuce leaves thoroughly before freezing/boiling?
Is there enough oxygen in the water? Do the tadpoles spend any time hanging vertically from the water's surface? If yes, this means there's not enough oxygen.
Are the tadpoles growing at very erratic rates - some are getting big while many others are still the same size they were when they were a week old? This shows they are too overcrowded in the container.
Is the container getting too much sun? Adding an aquarium thermometer will help you monitor the temperature - above 32 degrees celsius it too high! 27 degrees C is a good temperature.
Are the tadpole deaths occuring at different times during their growth or are all the deaths occuring at very specific stages such as when rear legs are just starting or the tadpoles are ready to metamorph? Are any air bubbles, crimped tails, colour shifts to very pale or very dark, shrinking bodies, twisted legs, swimming in circles or rolling upside down present? Are only a few tadpoles dying or are most of them dying?
Are the tadpoles okay while all the deaths are occuring only after they metamorph?
Are the metamorphs getting enough food?
Did you disinfect the tank since you used it for the previous batch of tadpoles? Was the frog tank rinsed very well before the metamorphs were set up in it?
Was the bucket you used to refill their tank used for any cleaning products?
If you are in Australia and you are having problems with your tadpoles that can't be fixed by the checklist above, then please contact us to discuss it. If you live in NQ/FNQ, we will ask you to give us freshly dead tadpoles and metamorphs so that we can get them tested. We might also ask for some of the tadpoles so that we can raise them ourselves to try to determine what the problem might be. If you are overseas, you need to find someone local to help you. Phone your nearest Fish and Wildlife office to ask what labs are nearby to do disease testing.

There are many details to cover when setting up tadpoles in containers, but if these are done properly, raising tadpoles will be very easy and not take up very much of your time. It's only when the setup is wrong that a lot of labour comes into it. Good luck with your tadpoles and enjoy the experience!

Tadpole keeping in Cairns

Rescuing tadpoles is very important to frog conservation but there are laws which can be used to prevent you from keeping tadpoles if you do not take the right steps to ensure mozzies can't reproduce. There are two government agencies which are involved in visiting properties to inspect for mozzie breeding sites. They can issue you with a warning and you can be prosecuted if you do not comply with the warning.

The first one is the Tropical Public Health Unit (phone [phone]). They only inspect properties when a case of Dengue has been reported in the immediate vicinity such as a near neighbour. They are only concerned with the breeding of mozzies which are known to carry a disease and they can provide information and advice to you so that you know what needs to be done around your property to stop disease-carrying mozzies from breeding. They can identify mozzie species and they are also experimenting with various types of mozzie-specific baits which will trap mozzies without interfering with the environment otherwise.

The second department which can show up on any property in Cairns is Cairns City Council and their inspectors will be looking for breeding sites for ANY mosquito species - not just the disease causing ones. If you are found to have any mozzie breeding sites on your property, council can issue you with a notice under the QLD Health Act.

We have received some complaints from residents who have expressed concern about what is happening on their properties when they are not home and who have been ordered to get rid of their tadpoles. Residents have come home to find bird baths tipped upside down, or been alone at the back of the property only to turn around and have council staff standing behind them! In one case, we were informed that council staff dumped out a tank full of rescued frog tadpoles while the homeowner was at work. We contacted Cairns City Council to enquire about normal procedures for mozzie inspections. We were told the following:

Cairns City Council inspectors do NOT have the authority to wander around your property if you are not home. They are allowed to walk up to the front door and knock - if no-one is home, they are supposed to leave a notice in your letterbox for you to contact them.
Council inspectors are NOT supposed to interfere with items on your property. If a breach is found, they are supposed to issue you with a warning to comply.
Council inspectors will have clearly visible photographic ID badges and will be wearing tan jumpsuits with the CCC logo embroidered on them.
Council inspectors are supposed to be knowledgable about how to keep tadpoles without breeding mozzies and should be prepared to discuss your tanks and ponds with you if they feel you are not taking sufficient action to avoid mozzie breeding.
Both TPH Unit and council inspectors can order you to get rid of your tadpoles but they CANNOT dump out a tank or pond of tadpoles themselves (frogs are protected so this would be a violation of the Nature Conservation Act). If this should happen on your property, you should lodge a complaint immediately with proof of who disposed of the tadpoles (you'll probably get a warning notice). The complaint would go to Mr. Russell Best, QPWS, 5B Sheridan Street, Cairns, 4870. If you are home when the inspection takes place and if there are any dispute issues, you should get the names of the inspectors and phone the relevant agency to discuss the items of dispute.

If you are taking the correct steps to prevent mozzie breeding in your tadpole enclosures, then there are no grounds for either agency to force you to get rid of your rescued tadpoles. The steps you can take to keep your tadpoles and comply with the QLD Health Act are:

The most effective and least labourious method is to have small fish in the enclosure; natives are better but guppies will do. Pacific Blue-eyes are a lovely native fish from FNQ but be aware that they are sensitive to change and must be introduced to the tadpole enclosure according to proper aquarium procedures (keep fish in bag and hang over side; once an hour, take out a cup of water and add a cup of water from the enclosure, etc. - ask the aquarium shop staff to show you how). Mozzies produce a lot of eggs so if you are using guppies, add one guppy for every five to seven litres of water in the enclosure; try half that number of Blue-eyes and increase if they can't keep up with the mozzie numbers. If you add too many fish, they might start eating the tadpoles so only use the minimum number of fish to elminate the mozzies.
You can also use tight fitting covers on tanks to prevent mozzie access but they must be fitted tightly to the lids. Sunlight is needed during the day so we surround the tanks with some mozzie coils and clear the zone first; then we take the covers off and replace them before the coils run out. We use chiffon fabric which is sheer and fine and lets lots of air and light through. We keep the fabric stretched taught over the tops of the tanks by cutting lengths of elastic (from the fabric shop) and tying knots in them so they stretch tightly around the rim of the tank. There is also a fine flyscreen netting available at Geo Pickers which has been recommended but we haven't tried it yet ourselves.
Other garden items can be sources of mozzie breeding as well such as glogged gutters, bromeliads (there is a debate on this but be aware), and plant cuttings you are trying to strike. Many brom growers believe that the plants excrete a chemical which prevents mozzies using the water in the centre stem but the researchers dispute this and point to published papers on the testing that has been done on broms. A small drop of vegetable oil in the centre of each plant will create a film that prevents reproduction but we don't know what this might do to a frog's porous skin. Flushing the centres with the hose still seems to be the slightly more desirable option if you have small frogs in your yard. If you use the oil option, it needs to be a very light oil so that it spreads over the water's surface. A heavy oil will form a ball and sink. Methoprene is also available to do basically the same thing but this is a chemical in the "endocrine disruptor" group so we are reluctant to promote its use if frogs are present on the property.
Gutters need to be kept cleared and plant cuttings can be placed in bottles with narrow necks such as soft drink bottles. Use cotton wool or aquarium wool stuffed into the neck to prevent mozzies accessing the inside of the bottle.
There is a red wriggler which also finds its way into tanks, especially if you have sand in the bottom, and these are nothing to worry about as far as the legislation is concerned. They are midges (sand flies), they are not a mozzie and they do not carry any diseases.
Dengue mozzies in particular will breed throughout the dry season and they have a preference for the colour black - start changing over your potted plants to other brighter colours or terra cotta and avoid the cheap black plastic pots and dishes