Science questions please help?

Question

I need people to help me out with these questions

1.)Bacteria can evolve into two every 20 minutes, this enables them to evolve very rapidly...explain why?

2.)In order for organisms to become fossilised, sediments must cover their body parts, explain why?

3.) Explain why, as a general rule, deeper rock layers are older than ones nearer to the surface.

4.) Suggest why younger rocks contain fossils of organisms which are similar to those still living today?

Answer 1

1. Correction to question one. Bacteria do not evolve into two, anymore than you evolve into adulthood. Or a fetus evolves into a baby. They grow into two, you grow into a baby. Why? Because the genes act like a computer program through DNA directing the biological elements into assigned places.
2. This is not a simple question. There are different kinds of fossilization. If you mean petrification or permineralization it requires silicon in volcanic ash or more commonly bentonite (montmorillonite - sediment mixed with volcanic ash mixed by water) to cover and fill empty spaces through ground water transport, sealing in the biological structure such as a bone. Or it replaces and duplicates each cell in the best fossilized specimens. Turning bone and wood i.e. hard parts into different forms of agate, quarts, amethyst, etc. Simply mineral replacement or preservation of organic material. Why? Because most fossils were buried in flooding during volcanic upheavals like Mt Saint Helens but on a much larger scale common in the Mesozoic. If there was no volcanic eruption there would be no petrified fossils, and for fossils to be preserved also requires rapid burial sealed from predators, insects, microscopic germs, degenerating chemicals in the environment, and a matrix to surround and hold the fossil's parts together in one spot.
3. This is a general rule, because as a rule the bottom layers of strata have to be layed down before upper layes are deposited. However, strata is deposited by moving water which deposits strata sideways depositing strata not only from bottom to top, but from left to right or visa versa. And to complicate matters worse, whole formations are often formed at one time in one event sorting the continents. And then earth movements in thrust faults cause some strata to be pushed up over younger strata. This confusion is often the rule. However, another problem is you cannot find very many places where even three periods of assumed geologic history are found in one place. The Grand Canyon has only a small portion of the Paleozoic, all the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are missing with no evidence they ever existed. The Pliocene Bouse Formation is also a pitiful remnant from the Grand Canyon's missing strata.
4. This is a leading question with a preconceived conclusion. It is assumed that evolution is a fact, therefore the younger organisms would be at the top and be most similar to today's organisms. This is only partly true. But it is more complicated than this. For an evolutionist the answer is simple. But from the creation viewpoint it is more complicated. They believe the older Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and most of the Cenozoic are believed to be Genesis Flood strata. But the top strata is different. The fossil organisms are different, the method of fossilization is very different, the matrix is different. The top strata containing Pliocene and Pleistocene mammals will never be turned into stone strata like the dinosaurs are found in. Especially the Pleistocene mammals like Mammoths (elephants) are buried in mud flows, bogs, caves, asphalt seeps, mud stone, loosely cemented sand (not sandstone) and gravel. While dinosaurs are never found in these places. These animals, some creation scientists believe were buried after the Genesis Flood during the cataclysmic history of the resettling and rebalancing of the earth in the aftermath of the worldwide volcanic cataclysm, some of us believe was triggered by asteroid or comet impacts during one major event in the time of Noah. The fossils below the Pleistocene are in solid sedimentary rock strata which was sorted during the cyclic events during the Genesis Flood and contain organisms that became extinct because of the tremendous changes in climate and structure of the earth and its ecological environments and destruction of food chains.

Answer 2

1.) The more a creature reproduces the more opportunities there are for changes in genes. So if there is a condition which kills the original bacteria, but it has divided 2000 times it is more likely that one of those new creatures will have genes that allow it to survive in the new conditions... So you just killed off all the original bacteria, but now you've got a new kind of bacteria that will continue dividing creating more and more of the new bacteria. That's evolution!

2.) If the body parts are not covered they will be broken down very quickly leaving no trace of the dead organism.

3.) It is called "the law of superposition"... Rock layers that are sedimentary obviously are younger than the layer that they are on top of (if the sediment was deposited on something it was obviously there first). When the rock layer is igneous then things are bit tricker, but in general molten rock migrates towards the surface where it will be deposited on top of already existing rock.

4.) Fairly simple... The younger rock contains organisms which were alive more recently than those contained in older rock - thus the organisms in younger rock will have more in common with those living today.

Answer 3

Is the question for school?