can someone explain ATP molecules and proteins to me?

Question

In a simple way please.

Im studying for a bio regents

And i dont have a clue what they are

and whats fermentation.

PLEASE HELP!!

Answer 1

ATP = Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. It is a large organic molecule found in living cells that is used to provide energy for biological reactions. The molecule is formed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Phosphorus atoms. It is synthesized in the mitochondria of cells by the metabolic pathways and by the respiratory chain reactions.

Proteins are large macromolecules made by enzymatically polymerizing some 20 types of amino acids into chains of hundreds to thousands of them.. These amino acids are formed of Carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sometimes sulfur atoms. All enzymes are protein catalysts. Some proteins have a structural function. Some proteins are immunological components and some are hormones. There role in life processes is central.

Fermentation is the enzyme catalyzed breakdown of sugars to simpler molecules like alcohol by yeast cells and other microorganisms in the absence of oxygen to provide energy for the cells.

I hope this is simple enough. Good luck!

Answer 2

He actually gave it much better odds than it probably should have given the assumptions he is making, but ireducible complexity people tend to overlook adaptations from other previous uses... Anyway, ATP synthase really needn't have been made ATP synthase. It just needed to be some molecule that can form another molecule to temporarily store energy. A crude form of NADPH synthase could've worked as well, or any other of a nearly infinite variety of molecules. It just happened the genetic code for the molecule that eventually evolved into ATP synthase formed first, and was successful first. These things aren't formed based upon "random chance", not in the truest sense at least. They're formed from the combination of already-existing parts that form for various other reasons in ways that happen to be convenient at the time, and then grow more and more efficient. Hell, for that matter, what conceivable creator is there that has nothing as complex as this?... The odds seem considerably better of these forming under this man's definition of random, than of another species forming without any such needs? Or even worse, what're the odds of a whole sentient being always having been compared to something non-sentient having been?... Using numbers like this guy seems to if only 1/10^100000 or so, of all matter we've experienced is capable of responding to its environment, then the odds of even something with animal intelligence always having been are astronomical, let alone something with intelligence greater than that of a human. Also, he was an endocrinologist, not a molecular biologist...

Answer 3

ATP is the energy currency for most biochemical mechanisms. ATP works because it has a high-energy third phosphate bond that "comes off" during certain reactions. What happens is that phosphate group is transferred to a protein which changes it's conformation. (Shape) When this happens, that protein can then work in a different way and catalyze a certain chemical reaction. Proteins are large molecules made up of hundreds to many thousands of amino acids put together. Kinda like a long chain of beads, however depending on the type of "beads" on the chain, the protein will have a certain shape.