Napalm and "willie peter" (i.e. white phosphoris), I believe - that's what we called it in Vietnam:
"White phosphorus is a flare / smoke producing incendiary weapon,[1] or smoke-screening agent, made from a common allotrope of the chemical element phosphorus. White Phosphorus (WP) bombs and shells are essentially incendiary devices, but can also be used as an offensive anti-personnel flame compound capable of causing serious burns or death[2]. It is used in bombs, artillery shells, and mortar shells which burst into burning flakes of phosphorus upon impact.
White phosphorus weapons are controversial today because of its potential use against humans, for whom one-tenth of a gram is a deadly dose. In recent years, the US and Israel[3] have admitted using WP against enemy targets. Particularly, its use by the US, given the public stance against chemical weapons, has resulted in considerable controversy (see White phosphorus use in Iraq). Initial field reports from Iraq casually referred to White Phosphorus use against humans[4], but it was officially denied until November 2005[5]. Subsequently however, the Pentagon admitted [6] to its use while claiming that its use for smoke signals is legal and does not violate chemical weapon conventions[7]. However, a statement by a Pentagon spokesman says "It was used as an incendiary weapon against enemy combatants,"[8]
White Phosphorus is commonly referred to in military jargon as "WP". The Viet Nam-era slang "Willy(ie) Pete" or "Willy(ie) Peter" is still occasionally heard.
Napalm is any of a number of flammable liquids used in warfare, often jellied gasoline. Napalm is actually the thickener in such liquids, which when mixed with gasoline makes a sticky incendiary gel. Developed by the U.S. in World War II by a team of Harvard chemists led by Louis Fieser, its name is a portmanteau of its original ingredients, coprecipitated aluminum salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. These were added to the flammable substance to cause it to gel.[1]
One of the major problems of early incendiary fluids (such as those used in flamethrowers) was that they splashed and drained too easily. The U.S. found that a gasoline gel increased both the range and effectiveness of flamethrowers, but was difficult to manufacture because it used natural rubber, which was in high demand and expensive. Napalm provided a far cheaper alternative, solving the issues involved with rubber-based incendiaries.[1]
Modern napalm is composed primarily of benzene and polystyrene, and is known as napalm-B.[1]
Napalm was used in flamethrowers and bombs by the U.S. and Allied forces, to increase effectiveness of flammable liquids. The substance is formulated to burn at a specific rate and adhere to materials. Napalm is mixed with gasoline in various proportions to achieve this. Another useful (and dangerous) effect, primarily involving its use in bombs, was that napalm "rapidly deoxygenates the available air" as well as creating large amounts of carbon monoxide causing suffocation. Napalm bombs were also used in the Vietnam War to clear landing zones for helicopters.[1]
NAPALM. The most effective "anti-personnel" weapon, it is euphemistically described as "unfamiliar cooking fluid" by those apologists for American military methods. They automatically attribute all napalm cases to domestic accidents caused by the people using gasoline instead of kerosene in their cooking stoves. Kerosene is far too expensive for the peasants, who normally use charcoal for cooking. The only "cooking fluid" they know is very "unfamiliar" – it is delivered through their roofs by U.S. planes.
Some of its finer selling points were explained to me by a pilot in 1966: "We sure are pleased with those backroom boys at Dow. The original product wasn’t so hot – if the gooks were quick they could scrape it off. So the boys started adding polystyrene – now it sticks like **** to a blanket. But then if the gooks jumped under water it stopped burning, so they started adding Willie Peter (WP – white phosphorus) so’s to make it burn better. It’ll even burn under water now. And just one drop is enough, it’ll keep on burning right down to the bone so they die anyway from phosphorous poisoning."[5]
”
June 8, 1972: Kim Phúc, center, running down a road near Trang Bang after an Army of the Republic of Vietnam 'napalm' bomb attack. (Nick Ut / ©Associated Press)
"Napalm is the most terrible pain you can imagine," said Kim Phuc, a napalm bombing survivor known from a famous Vietnam War photograph. "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Napalm generates temperatures of 800 to 1,200 degrees Celsius."[6]
See link 2 for another poem by Fiona.
2007-06-03 08:19:00
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answer #1
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answered by johnslat 7
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