The man who coined the term "containment" and argued that the Soviet Union foreign policy?

Question

The man who coined the term "containment" and argued that the Soviet Union foreign policy was based on a "traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity" rather than a Marxist desire to spread world revolution was:
(a) George Kennan
(b) Dean Acheson
(c) Paul Nitze
(d) George Marshall

Answer 1

"The [containment] policy was first laid out in George F. Kennan's famous long telegram. It was then made public in 1947 in his anonymous Foreign Affairs article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," better known as the X Article."

"Containment : History" : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment#History

"The X Article, formally titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", was published in Foreign Affairs in July 1947. Though signed pseudonymously by "X," it was well known at the time that the true author was George F. Kennan, the Deputy Chief of Mission of the United States to the USSR from 1944 to 1946, under ambassador W. Averell Harriman. The article was an expansion of a well-circulated State Department cable called the Long Telegram and became famous for setting forth the doctrine of containment."

"X Article" : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_telegram

"George Frost Kennan (1904-02-16 – 2005-03-17) was an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War."

"In the late 1940s, his writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and the U.S. foreign policy of "containing" the Soviet Union, thrusting him into a lifelong role as a leading authority on the Cold War. His "Long Telegram" from Moscow in 1946, and the subsequent 1947 article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" argued that the Soviet regime was inherently expansionist and that its influence had to be "contained" in areas of vital strategic importance to the United States. These texts quickly emerged as foundational texts of the Cold War, expressing the Truman administration's new anti-Soviet Union policy. Kennan also played a leading role in the development of definitive Cold War programs and institutions, most notably the Marshall Plan."

"Shortly after Kennan's doctrines had been enshrined as official U.S. policy, he began to criticize the policies that he had seemingly helped launch. By mid-1948, he was convinced that the situation in Western Europe had improved to the point where negotiations could be initiated with Moscow. The suggestion did not resonate within the Truman administration, and Kennan's influence was increasingly marginalized—particularly after Dean Acheson was appointed Secretary of State in 1949. As U.S. Cold War strategy assumed a more aggressive and militaristic tone, Kennan bemoaned what he called a misinterpretation of his thinking."

"At the "bottom of the Kremlin's neurotic view of world affairs," Kennan argued, "is the traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity." Following the Russian Revolution, this sense of insecurity became mixed with communist ideology and "Oriental secretiveness and conspiracy." "

"Soviet behavior on the international stage, argued Kennan, depended chiefly on the internal necessities of Joseph Stalin's regime; according to Kennan, Stalin needed a hostile world in order to legitimize his own autocratic rule. Stalin thus used Marxism-Leninism as"

" "a justification for [the Soviet Union's] instinctive fear of the outside world, for the dictatorship without which they did not know how to rule... for sacrifices they felt bound to demand... Today they cannot dispense it. It is the fig leaf of their moral and intellectual respectability." "

"George F. Kennan" : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Kennan

Answer 2

The term covert comes to mind. Also it could easily be argued that the Soviet Union in particular had a major influence on US perceptions of communism. Some of the most notable goals (for both the US and USSR) were to secure strategic capabilities to influence trade of resources internationally. Also to aid in the promotion of democratic states. Increased spending in intelligence and military capabilities (cold war arms race). And a full out propaganda campaign to apply economic pressure on communist nations (NATO).

Answer 3

George Marshall
We adopted the Marshall Plan which gave millions of dollars of economic aid to 16 foreign nations go contain or stop the spread of communism. This was during Truman's presidency.

Answer 4

noooooooooooooope dont kwon