World History terms.?

Question

what is:

occupation zone-

buffer zone-

containment-

nonaligned nations-

dissident-

Answer 1

A zone which is being occupied.

An area intended to provide a space between warring factions, like the DMZ between North and South Korea.

A policy founded intellectually as an economic strategy by George F Kennan but interpreted as a military strategy by the Truman Administration. The idea being to stop the spread of Communism.

Nations which had not chosen a side in the Cold War.

A person who opposes established policy.

Answer 2

Occupation zone - an area of a country zoned for administrative purposes by the government of an occupying nation. Example: East Germany occupied by the Soviet Union after WWII.

Buffer zone - zonal area that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason. Common types of buffer zones are demilitarized zones and certain restrictive easement zones and greenbelts. Such zones may be, but not necessarily, be comprised by a sovereign state, forming a buffer state.

Containment - refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it was to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based capitalism.

Nonaligned nations - not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. The typical example would be neutral countries during WWII, like Switzerland.

Dissident - a person who actively opposes an established opinion, policy, or structure. The term can be used to refer to a number of types of dissidents, including political, social, and militant dissidents.

Answer 3

Thorfinn is correct and he was first. Do not fail to award him 10 points.

In the 1960's and 1970's, the term "nonaligned nations" was a bloc of Asian countries, notably India under Nehru. They were actually hostile to U.S. interests and "friendly" toward the Soviet Union and Red China. You might consult an author Umberto Eco about semeiotics. The inner or secret meanings people give to words.

"Dissident," likewise. A dissident explodes a bomb or guns people down. "I did it because, like, I didn't like what was going on."

Answer 4

The American zone consisted of Bavaria, Hesse and the northern portions of the present-day state of Baden-Württemberg. The port of Bremen and Bremerhaven were also placed under the control of the U.S. The headquarters of the American military government was the former IG Farben Building in Frankfurt.

The British zone consisted of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Lower Saxony and the present-day state of North Rhine-Westphalia with the British military government being headquartered in Bad Oeynhausen.

Initially, despite being one of the Allied powers, the French were not to be granted an occupation zone due to concerns over the great historical animosity between France and Germany, as well as the smaller wartime role played by the French within the alliance. Eventually, however, both the British and the Americans agreed to yield a small portion of their respective zones to the French. For this reason, the French zone, unlike those of the other three powers, consisted of two non-contiguous areas and was made up of the present-day state of Rheinland-Pfalz and the southern areas of Baden-Württemberg. The headquarters of the French military government was in Baden-Baden.

An area within the French zone previously known as the Saargebiet, which had been created under a League of Nations mandate following World War I, was re-established in 1945 as the Saar protectorate. It was intended that an independent nation be established there and as a result this area was more closely administered by France during the period of the occupation.

The Soviet occupation zone incorporated Thuringia, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The headquarters of the Soviet military government was in Berlin-Karlshorst.

While located wholly within the designated Soviet zone, because of its symbolic importance as the nation's capital and seat of the Nazi government, the city of Berlin was jointly occupied by the Allied powers and was itself subdivided into four sectors



In geography, a buffer zone is any zonal area that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason. Common types of buffer zones are demilitarized zones and certain restrictive easement zones and greenbelts. Such zones may be, but not necessarily, be comprised by a sovereign state, forming a buffer state.

Buffer zones can be set up to prevent violence, protect the environment, protect residential and commercial zones from industrial accidents or natural disasters, keep prisoners intent on escaping from rapidly acquiring hostages or a hiding place, or possibly other reasons.

Buffer zones often result in large uninhabited regions (similar to nature reserves, although without tourism) which of themselves are somewhat unique in many increasingly paved/developed, crowded parts of the world.

Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it was to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based capitalism.

Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. The purpose of the organization as stated in the Havana Declaration of 1979 is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, apartheid, Zionism, racism and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics".[1] They represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and comprise 55% of the world population.

Important members have included Yugoslavia, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, South Africa, Iran, Malaysia, and, for a time, the People's Republic of China. Brazil has never been a formal member of the movement, but the country shares many of the aims of NAM and frequently sends observers to NAM summits. While the organization was intended to be as close an alliance as NATO or the Warsaw Pact, it has little cohesion and many of its members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the great powers. For example, Cuba was closely aligned with the former Soviet Union during the Cold War era. India was effectively aligned with the Soviet Union against China for many years. Additionally, some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members (particularly the Muslim states) of the movement found it impossible to do so.

The Non-Aligned Movement has struggled to find relevance since the end of the Cold War. The successor states of Yugoslavia, a founding member, have expressed little interest in the NAM since the country's break-up, and in 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members of the NAM when they joined the European Union.

The term "Non-Alignment" itself was coined by Indian Prime Minister Nehru during his speech in 1954 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by the contemporaneous Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
Mutual non-aggression
Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
Equality and mutual benefit
Peaceful co-existence
The origin of the Non-aligned movement can be traced to a conference hosted in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955. The world's "non-aligned" nations declared their desire not to become involved in the East-West ideological confrontation of the Cold War. Bandung marked a significant milestone for the development of NAM as a political movement. The founding fathers of the NAM were five prominent world leaders: Nehru of India, Tito of Yugoslavia, Sukarno of Indonesia, Nasser of Egypt and Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as The Initiative of Five.

However it was six years later in September of 1961, through the voluntary of Josip Broz Tito, then-president of Yugoslavia, that the first official Non-Aligned Movement Summit was held. As well as Tito and Nehru, the other prominent world leaders instrumental in getting NAM off the ground were Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia, and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.

The movement lost credibility beginning in the late 1960s when it was seen by critics to have become dominated by states allied to the Soviet Union. Many questioned how countries in alliance with the Soviet Union such as Cuba could claim to be non-aligned. The movement divided against itself over the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.


[edit] NAM Summit meetings
Generally NAM summits take place every three years. Countries that have hosted NAM summits include Yugoslavia, Egypt, Zambia, Algeria, Sri Lanka, Cuba, India, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Colombia, South Africa, and Malaysia. After each summit, the president or prime minister of the country where the summit takes place becomes chairman of the movement for the next three years.

The first summit was held at Belgrade in 1961. The summit saw representatives from 25 countries – eleven from both Asia and Africa along with Yugoslavia, Cuba, and Cyprus.

The next meeting was held in Cairo in 1964. It was attended by forty-six nations, with most of the new members being newly independent African states. Much of the meeting involved discussions about the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Indo-Pakistani conflict.

The 1970 meeting in Lusaka was attended by fifty-four nations and was one of the most important with the movement forming a permanent organization to foster economic and political ties. Zambia's president for life, Kenneth Kaunda, played a crucial role in these events.

The 1973 meeting in Algiers saw the movement deal with new economic realities. The 1973 world oil shock had made some of its members vastly richer than the others. The end of the attachment of the U.S. currency to gold, and the dollar's subsequent devaluation, also removed one of the group's largest complaints.

During the 1976 meeting in Colombo, Sri Lanka, members were quick to condemn the United States for an "unprovoked attack on North Korean guards, led by American officers", as presented by Kim Jong-Il, the son of North Korea Leader Kim Il-Sung. A resolution, asking the conference to condemn that day's grave U.S. provocation and calling on participants to endorse both the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Korea and the dissolution of the United Nations Command (UNC), was presented within four hours of the incident, seconded by Cuba, and passed. Afterwards, as more details emerged, it turned out that North Korean guards had started the incident, and out-numbering the UNC forces almost three to one, had killed two American officers.[2]

The 1979 meeting in Havana saw the movement discussing the merits of a "natural alliance" seen by many between the NAM and the Soviet Union. Under the leadership of Fidel Castro, the Summit discussed the concept of an anti-imperialist alliance with the Soviet Union. Prime Minister Michael Manley of Jamaica gave a well-received pro-Soviet speech. Among other things he said, "All anti-imperialists know that the balance of forces in the world shifted irrevocably in 1917 when there was a movement and a man in the October Revolution, and Lenin was the man." Manley also praised Fidel Castro as "humane" and credited him for strengthening the forces committed to the struggle against imperialism in the Western Hemisphere. The final declaration also condemned the Camp David peace accords as an abandonment of the cause of the Arab peoples and an act of complicity with the continued occupation of Arab territories.

The 2006 meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement took place in Havana and Fidel Castro was elected President of the Movement.[3]. He was, however, unable to make an official appearance at the summit, having recently undergone gastric surgery. The job of host was assumed by Fidel's younger brother Raúl Castro, who had been the acting president of Cuba since his brother's operation. The summit ended with a declaration that condemned what many members saw as Israel's disproportionate military response to the kidnapping of two of its soldiers by the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah (see 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict), called upon the United Nations to be more representative of its smaller member nations, gave support to Iran's nuclear energy plans, and criticized many of United States' foreign policies[4]. In section 119.14, the Nonaligned movement stated that the United States list of state-sponsors of terrorism was "a form of psychological and political terrorism" directed against members of the Non-Aligned Movement. The next NAM summit has been announced to be held in Cairo, Egypt.


[edit] NAM Summit Locations and Dates
1st Summit – Belgrade, 1 September 1961 – 6 September 1961
2nd Summit – Cairo, 5 October 1964 – 10 October 1964
3rd Summit – Lusaka, 8 September 1970 – 10 September 1970
4th Summit – Algiers, 5 September 1973 – 9 September 1973
5th Summit – Colombo, 16 August 1976 – 19 August 1976
6th Summit – Havana, 3 September 1979 – 9 September 1979
7th Summit – New Delhi, 7 March 1983 – 12 March 1983
8th Summit – Harare, 1 September 1986 – 6 September 1986
9th Summit – Belgrade, 4 September 1989 – 7 September 1989
10th Summit – Jakarta, 1 September 1992 – 7 September 1992
11th Summit – Cartagena de Indias, 18 October 1995 – 20 October 1995
12th Summit – Durban, 2 September 1998 – 3 September 1998
13th Summit – Kuala Lumpur, 20 February 2003 – 25 February 2003
14th Summit – Havana, 11 September 2006 – 16 September 2006[5]
A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively opposes an established opinion, policy, or structure. The term can be used to refer to a number of types of dissidents, including political, social, and militant dissidents.
The term is most often used to refer to political dissidents, usually against authoritarian regimes or established constitutional order (although there are rare uses of the phrase philosophical dissident[citation needed]). Political dissidents use non-violent means of political dissent, including voicing criticism of the government or dominating ideology, or protesting individual actions by the authorities.

The term was introduced to describe intellectual opposition to non-capitalist regimes[original research?], conducted without plans or capability for a regime change, coup, or uprising. Dissidents may sometimes attempt to passively displace or overthrow the established government by achieving popular support and sparking a revolution or rebellion. In totalitarian regimes these dissidents are often punished with lengthy prison sentences, execution, or economic deprivation.

Term dissident was used in CCCP during the period of 1965-1985, including Brezhnev stagnation, for citizens who criticized the dictature of the Communist party. The people who used to write, tear and who distributed non-censored non-conformist litetature samizdat were criticized in the newspapers. It was common to criticize an author in newspapers without publishing any of his works. Then, many people accepted the term dissident with respect to themselves [1]. This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of criminal, who opposes the society, the term got meaning of non-conformist, who insists on the officially published laws, including the international agreements, signed by the CCCP government [2], [3]. Important part of activity of dissidents was informing the society (Both inside CCCP and in foreighn countries) about violation of human rights. See the special article about Soviet dissidents.


[edit] Social dissidents
Social dissidents openly oppose dominant social attitudes. In western democratic societies political and social dissidents are widely claimed to be free from government pressure, but there have been notable instances of persecution, such as during the Palmer Raids.

Among them there are scientists, academicians and politicians like Timothy Leary, Michael Gazzaniga, Ann Druyan, Carl Sagan, Noam Chomsky, Lester Grinspoon, Jocelyn Elders, and Friedmann.


[edit] Drug war dissidents
Drugs dissidents advocate for less punishment under the current Prohibition and may include opposers to the prohibition itself. (see Legalization) These people could be and have been prosecuted in many countries for the sole expression of their point of view, under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1988.[citation needed]