to what extent it is possible to make a working perpetual motion machine?

Answer 1

The amount of energy and value produced must exceed the energy used to produce the energy.

Answer 2

If you only had to obey the Law of Conservation of Energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics), then you might have a chance (slim one).

Unfortunately there is also a 2nd Law of Thermodynamics which basically states that if you change one energy into another (like potential to kinetic in a yo-yo), then you will not get out exactly what you put in (entropy). Also, the larger the system/apparatus then the greater the loss due to entropy.

Till someone discovers a way around these two laws, the perpetual motion machine will only exist in imagination.

Answer 3

In light of our present understanding of the laws of thermodynamics, it is not possible to make a working perpetual motion machine. A perpetual motion machine would have to create and use 100% of its own energy, without an external source, and that is not possible.

Answer 4

If you mean a machine that will run forever with no energy input, you can come very close indeed. Voyagers I and II have left the solar system and will continue on into the galaxy for at least a few billion years, unless they hit something or we go get them. A superconductor has literally zero resistance, so an electric current in one keeps circulating forever, and we've actually checked this over time spans of decades.

If you mean a machine that puts out more energy than you put in - nope, no way.

Answer 5

My friend, if you gone through Handbook of physics,you will find interesting fact that there was craze during last century,to build perpetual machines to prove first law of thermodynamics-Law of Conservation of Energy.
Till today experiments have been proved futile.

Answer 6

Perpetual motion refers to a condition in which an object continues to move indefinitely without being driven by an external source of energy. In effect by its very definition, Perpetual Motion is a system wherein the item in question consumes and outputs at least 100% of its energy constantly, sustaining no net loss as a result of the laws of thermodynamics. Using modern terminology, any machine that purports to produce more energy than it uses is a "perpetual motion machine", although somewhat oddly named as they may not include any moving parts.

Perpetual motion machines violate one or both of the following two laws of physics: the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is essentially a statement of conservation of energy. The second law has several statements, the most intuitive of which is that heat flows spontaneously from hotter to colder places; the most well known is that entropy tends to increase, or at the least stays the same; another statement is that no heat engine (an engine which produces work while moving heat between two places) can be more efficient than a Carnot heat engine. As a special case of this, any machine operating in a closed cycle cannot only transform thermal energy to work in a region of constant temperature.

Machines which are claimed not to violate either of the two laws of thermodynamics but rather are claimed to generate energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines, although they do not meet the standard criteria for the name. By way of example, it is quite possible to design a clock or other low-power machine to run on the differences in barometric pressure or temperature between night and day. Such a machine has a source of energy, albeit one from which it is quite impractical to produce power in quantity.


Classification
It is customary to classify perpetual motion machines as follows:

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces strictly more energy than it uses, thus violating the law of conservation of energy. Over-unity devices, that is, devices with a thermodynamic efficiency greater than 1.0 (unity, or 100%), are perpetual motion machines of this kind.
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. This need not violate the law of conservation of energy, since the thermal energy may be equivalent to the work done; however it does violate the more subtle second law of thermodynamics. Note that such a machine is different from real heat engines (such as car engines), which always involve a transfer of heat from a hotter reservoir to a colder one, the latter being warmed up in the process. The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one single heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is impossible by the second law of thermodynamics.
In an otherwise completely empty Newtonian universe, a single particle could travel forever at constant velocity with no violation of the laws of physics – though of course no energy could be extracted from it without slowing it down. For example, an electron can spin around a nucleus in an atom of matter indefinitely unless it or the atom is disrupted in some way. Similarly, in an isolated system consisting of two objects orbiting each other gravitationally, the two objects will remain in orbiting motion forever, as long as they are not disturbed, assuming however, if the two orbiting bodies are at a perfect distance that the moon is not sucked into the main body, via gravity, and does not spin away due to centripetal force. However any attempt to extract useful work from this system would lead to a loss of energy. This would result in the objects slowing down and getting closer to each other, until at some point the objects would collapse together and no more energy would remain to extract.

Use of the term "impossible" and perpetual motion
Scientists and engineers accept the possibility that the current understanding of the laws of physics may be incomplete or incorrect; a perpetual motion device may not be impossible, but overwhelming evidence would be required to justify rewriting the laws of physics.

The conservation laws are particularly robust. Noether's theorem is actually a proof that any conservation law can be derived from any continuous symmetry. In other words, as long as the laws of physics (not simply the current understanding of them, but the actual laws, which may still be undiscovered) and the various physical constants remain invariant over time, the conservation laws must be true.

Any proposed perpetual motion design offers a potentially instructive challenge to physicists: we know it can't work (because of the laws of thermodynamics), so explain how it fails to work. The difficulty (and the value) of such an exercise depends on the subtlety of the proposal; the best ones tend to arise from physicists' own thought experiments. The principles of thermodynamics are so well established that proposals for perpetual motion machines are often met with disbelief on the part of physicists.

“ The law that entropy always increases, holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations — then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation — well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation. ”

--Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (1927)

Answer 7

Impossible.

Answer 8

Not possible so far.(string theory might make it posible though ;)

Answer 9

LAW OF PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE [PMM]

When force is apply to the system have two velocities, the final results power double .And out put distance equal to in put distance
This law proved by following special system.
Let seen figures number one.


This figures shows before starts motion
This system contains rack gear Tr-1,fixed rack gear .Rack gear Tr-2,mounted on top of B-a bar unit .Tp-1,pinion gear .Which fixed on B-a bar unit ,when Tp-1 it’s doing motion ,course to drive rack gear Tr-2.
Point L to M, covering distance in Tr-2 by Tp-1
Tp-2 pinion gear running from Tr-2 rack gear, Tp-3 axel on Tg-1 gear
Let Seen figure no.2

Working step, when 50N force is apply to B-a bar unit course to move covered distance of 78.5mm per second [ or in put distance =R-1 ] ,simultaneously with rack gear Tr-2 covered distance of 78.5mm [also =R-2], that course Tp-2 to moved [R-1] +[R-2]=78.5+78.5mm per sec, and course Tp-2 to double velocities and power for the same force
Angular velocity-1=w-1= Tp-1 pinion gear =2π60/60 = 6.283 radian /sec, power -1=p-1=T-1 x w-1 =0. 625 x 6.283=3.93watt
Angular velocity-2=w-2= Tp-2pinion gear=2π120/60=12.566 radian/sec Power -2=P-2= T-1x w-2=0.0625 x 12.566=7.86watt



And Tg-1 gear double velocities and triple power
Angular velocity-2=w-2= Tg-1 gear=2π120/60=12.566 radian/sec
Power -3=P-3=T-2 x w -2=1.25 x 12.566=15.71w

And for this condition pinion gear Tp-1 moved one round per second =78.5mm per sec = 60rpm and Tp-2 moved two round per second =78.5x2=157mm per second = 120rpm ,and Tg-1 gear moved one round per second =157mm per second = 60rpm ,and Tp-3 one round per second =78.5mm = 60rpm,final results Tr-3 covered distance or out put distance is 78.5mm per second [=R-3] .
So at the end in put distance is equal to out put distance [R-1=R-3], in put force is less than out put force [50N is less than 80N], For that matter the efficiency of this system is , 160 percentage .
This system is used for design perpetual motion machine as main engine and gear box.
Force =50N, covered distance=R-1=78.5mm=0.0785m, Tp-1 diameter =Tp-2=Tp-3=25mm=0.025m [d-1=d-2=d-3=25mm, Tp-1 radius = r-1=Tp-2 radius =r-2=Tp-3 radius =r-3=12.5mm=0.0125m.
Tg-1diameter=D-1=50mm=0.05m, Tg-1radius=Dr-1=25mm=0.025m,
Circumference of circle =2πr
Circumference of circle of Tg-1=2πr=2πx25=157mm.
Circumference of circle of Tp-1=2πr=2πx12.5=78.5mm.
We know that covered distance =R-1=78.5mm=0.0785=m, and time required for working covered distance =1 second.
We know that work done per second =force x distance moved per second =50 x0.0785=3.925 say3.93N-M=3.93watt=0.00393kw,
Tp-1 pinion gear rpm = N-1=60rpm, Tp-2 pinion gear rpm =N-2=120 rpm Tp-3 pinion gear rpm =N-3=60
Angular velocity=2πN/60=radian/sec
Angular velocity-1=-1= Tp-1 pinion gear =2π60/60 = 6.283 radian /sec
Angular velocity-2=-2= Tp-2pinion gear=2π120/60=12.566 radian/sec
Toque =force x radius
Toque-1=T-1=Tp-1pinion gear=Tp-2 pinion gear=50 x 0.0125=0.625N-M
Toque-2=T-2=Tg-1 gear =50 x 0.025=1.25N-M
Power =toque x angular velocity =T x
Power -1=p-1=T-1 x w-1 =0. 625 x 6.283=3.93watt
Power -2=P-2= T-1x w-2=0.0625 x 12.566=7.86watt
Power -3=P-3=T-2 x w-2=1.25 x 12.566=15.71w

Effort =50N, efficiency =80%=0.8, V.R = D/d=50/25=2,
Load =efficiency x V.R x effort = 0.8 x 2 x 50 = 80N
Efficiency =power out put/ power in put = 80 x 78.5 x 1000/ 50 x 78.5 x1000 = 160 percentage.