Cause or consequences?

Question

Can someone help..Are these a cause or consequence of the Russian revolution?

1.) There had been a lack of economic, political, and social reform under the Russian czars

2.) Russia withdrew from WWI

3.) Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin came to power

4.) The rise of communism throughout Russia

Answer 1

Both really...

That's somewhat strange really... I'm guessing each one of those points has a different answer.

For point one, it's definitely without a doubt a cause. This is what made communism so appealing to begin with.

Russia withdrew from WW1 during the Revolution, so the revolution definitely caused Russia's withdrawl. (You can't fight a foreign war while your fighting your own people... well I guess you can, but probably wouldn't work out so well). I don't think that the Bolsheviks agreed with Russia's involvement to begin with, they made a peace with the German Kaisers.

Lenin and Stalin coming to power... definitely a consequence. Without a revolution, they never would have come to power since only the Czars/Romanovs really had power to begin with. Lenin and Stalin were "nobody of important" in Russian politics until the revolution. Just a thorn in the side of the Czars.

Rise of communism - again, definitely a consequence. Never would have happened without a revolution. That was the whole point of the revolution to begin with.