How do Mendel’s two laws of inheritance relate to chromosomes, meiosis, and alleles?

Answer 1

Mendel's law of segregation says that the two factors that control a trait separate from each other when gametes are made. This law directly describes meiosis. The "factors" Mendel mentioned are the alleles that govern the trait. The alleles are on homologous chromosomes. During meiosis the homologous chromosomes separate from each other and go into different gametes.

Mendel's law of independent assortment says that the way one pair of factors separates does not influence how another pair of factors separates. During meiosis the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate from their "twins", but the way one tetrad or pair of homologs lines up on the equator of the spindle does not influence how another pair lines up. Thus, the alleles that are located on these separate pairs are separated into the gametes randomly. This law does not take into account any of the genes that are linked or located on the same chromosomes. Mendel was lucky that way in his choice of peas as a subject.

Answer 2

Mendel's Law of Segregation

Mendel's law of segregation, also known as Mendel's First Law, essentially has four parts.

1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters. This is the concept of alleles. Alleles are different versions of genes that impart the same characteristic. Each human has a gene that controls eye color, but there are variations among these genes in accordance with the specific color the gene "codes" for.

2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. This means that when somatic cells are produced from two gametes, one allele comes from the mother, one from the father. These alleles may be the same (true-breeding organisms, e.g. ww and rr in Fig. 3), or different (hybrids, e.g. wr in Fig. 3).

3. If the two alleles differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the organism's appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance. In other words, the dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype of the organism; however this does not always hold true. Today, we know several examples that disprove this "law", e.g. Mirabilis jalapa, the "Japanese wonder flower" (Fig. 3). This is called incomplete dominance. There is also codominance e.g. Human blood types where A and B are codominant and O is recessive.

4. The two alleles for each characteristic segregate during gamete production. This is the last part of Mendel's generalization. The two alleles of the organism are separated into different gametes, ensuring variation

Mendel's law of independent assortment

Also known as Mendel's second/third Law
By looking at dihybrid crosses, Mendel established his law of independent assortment. This law states that one gene's inheritance is not affected by that of another.

The most important principle of Mendel's law of independent assortment is that the emergence of one trait will not affect the emergence of another. While his experiments with mixing one trait always resulted in a 3:1 ratio between dominant and recessive phenotypes, his experiments with mixing two traits (dihybrid cross) showed 9:3:3:1 ratios. Mendel concluded that each organism carries two sets of information about its phenotype. If the two sets differ on the same phenotype, one of them dominates the other. That way, information can be passed on through the generations, even if the phenotype is not expressed .

Mendel's findings allowed other scientists to simplify the emergence of traits to mathematical probability. A large portion of Mendel's findings can be traced to his choice to start his experiments only with true breeding plants. He also only measured absolute characteristics such as color, shape, and position of the offspring. His data was expressed numerically and subjected to statistical analysis. This method of data reporting and the large sampling size he used gave credibility to his data. He also had the foresight to look through several successive generations of his pea plants and record their variations. Without his careful attention to procedure and detail, Mendel's work could not have had the impact it made on the world of genetics.

Answer 3

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