In relation to negative force which direction does current circle around copper wire?

Answer 1

This is a tricky one. Convention in the EE realm has electrical current traveling from plus to minus. But in reality, the electrons and their waves travel from minus to plus. So are you talking about the physics of current in a copper wire? Or are you talking about the electrical engineering convention when you ask this question?

The plus to minus current flow convention is a historical thing; it began long before mankind really understood what electricity and electrical current really were. And it never went away. Schools still teach plus to minus current flow in their electrical engineering courses. Take it from me, a physicist who took EE courses, this plus to minus convention drives physicists nuts.

Even the physics answer, with current running from minus to plus is tricky. Turns out there are really two kinds of current in a copper wire: electron migration and the transverse waves of those electrons. Electrons, the quanta, move rather slowly from the negative side toward the positive side in a circuit. That's why we say they migrate rather than flow .

However, the transverse waves of those electrons travel at the speed of light in copper (whatever that is). And the transverse waves are the real energy carriers, which is why a light bulb ignites almost instananeously when we throw the switch in a copper wire circuit. Thus, like light, electrons are both quanta, which are the electrons, and waves.

However, unlike light, electrons travel slower than light speed, while their associated waves speed along at light speed. How can this be?

Picture a fishing float bobbing on top of ripples in a pond. The ripples are moving along the surface reasonably fast, but the float moves slower in a horizontal direction, with the ripples passing underneath it.

In similar fashion, the electrons bob up and down to make transverse waves that move the speed of light, but the electrons themselves, like the fishing float, move along the copper wire much slower. Using the same fishing float and ripples to model light, that float would move at the same speed as the ripples. The float would be the photons that travel at the speed of light along with their transverse waves.