bees raise their body temperature using heat derived from...?

Question

a)warm up exercises
b)futile metabolic cycles
c)reflectance basking
d)shivering
e)mobilisation of brown adipose tissue

choose one

Answer 1

d shivering. Some bees even use it as a defense. They surround and heat up so much they can kill predatory wasps.

Answer 2

Buzzing--Once I put a bee in the refrigerator for a few minutes, thinking it would sedate the cold-blooded insect, but it just buzzed and kept itself warm. Then I let it go, of course.