List and define four types of damage to chromosome structure that can cause disorders.?

Answer 1

Chromosome aberrations (or structural damage) are more than 4. They include: deletions, duplications, insertions, inversions, translocations, trisomies and transpositions.

they are all likely to cause disorders (mainly cancer development)

Here are animated examples of some of them:
http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/radoncology/crr/faculty/brenner/aberrations/aberrations.html

and I really think you should do your own homework!

Answer 2

Chromosome Disorder List

Answer 3

When the chromosome's structure is altered. This can take several forms:

* Deletions: A portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted. Known disorders include Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4; and Jacobsen syndrome, also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder.
* Duplications: A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, resulting in extra genetic material. Known disorders include Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A which may be caused by duplication of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22) on chromosome 17.
* Translocations: When a portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. There are two main types of translocations. In a reciprocal translocation, segments from two different chromosomes have been exchanged. In a Robertsonian translocation, an entire chromosome has attached to another at the centromere; these only occur with chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22.
* Inversions: A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down and reattached, therefore the genetic material is inverted.

When an individual is missing either a chromosome from a pair (monosomy) or has more than two chromosomes of a pair (trisomy). An example of a condition caused by numerical abnormalities is Down Syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21 (an individual with Down Syndrome has three copies of chromosome 21, rather than two). Turner Syndrome is an example of a monosomy where the individual is born with only one sex chromosome, an X.