I want to know about the formation of matter and antimatter?

Question

I recently studied about that in Angels and demons

Answer 1

IF u are interested in this subject, I recommend u read " angels and demons"

Answer 2

Formation of antimatter is quite a complicated process, and it can only be done in high energy particle accelerators as in CERN.

The idea is to hit particles (normal matter) into each other with so much energy that the matter changes into energy and back to matter again, producing totally different particles, matter and anti-matter. Choosing the proper outcome (in our case, specific anti-particles) depends both on the initial energy you give to the particles you collide in the first place, and the magnetic fields you apply after the collision. The initial energy has to be defined in a specific value so that most of the resultant particles are in the mass range you require. The magnetic fields mainly seperate the resultant particles in terms of charge and mass.

However, anti-matter (or short lived normal particles) can only be stored in "storage ring"s which are circular accelerators so that the anti-matter can be contained within the magnetic fields and do not decay because of the time-dilation effect caused by the velocity with which it moves. It is impossible to store it locally (as suggested in angels&demons), since any neutral anti-matter will not be able to be stored in a magnetic field, and charged anti-matter will exert too much of an electrical force on itself to be localised.

Answer 3

Matter and Anti-matter

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Each elementary particle has a special partner called its anti-particle that has the same mass but the opposite electric charge. For matter particles with non-zero charge, the particle and its anti-particle are two distinct objects that can be told apart in experiments.
How could you tell matter and anti-matter apart?


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Example of particles that are not the same as their own anti-particles:


Particle Mass Electric Charge
electron 9x10-31 kg -1.6x10-19 Coulomb
up quark 8.5x10-30 kg +1.1x10-19 Coulomb
proton 1.7x10-27 kg +1.6x10-19 Coulomb

If a particle has zero charge, then it may be its own antiparticle (an example is the photon or quantum of light, and the Z0, the neutral quantum of the weak force).


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What happens when matter encounters anti-matter ? That depends on exactly which two particles collide, as you can see by exploring the connections in the diagrams below.....you should try to think about why the particles interact the way they do. Click on the outgoing particle to find the answer once you think you know what the answer should be:

Incoming Particles Outgoing Particles
Matter-Antimatter Opposites Two photons
Electron and Anti-up-quark Electron and Anti-up-quark
Matter and Weak-Partner Anti-particle W+ Gauge Boson
Matter-Antimatter Opposites Two photons
Matter and Weak-Partner Anti-particle W- Gauge Boson
Electron and Anti-muon Electron and Anti-muon

Basically, if a particle and its own anti-particle collide, it is as though they cancel one another out. They destroy one another and turn into a flash of pure energy which can manifest itself as light.

Answer 4

The whole universe is made up of matter and antimatter and if by chance meet , they annihilate each other.

Answer 5

When a high energy gamma ray having energy more than 1.02 Mev passes near a heavy atomic nucleus it creates two identical particles of same mass differing only in electrical charge being mutually opposite & they move in opposite directions. the lightest particles are electron & positron. If gamma ray energy is 1840 times 1.02 Mev the particles so formed will be proton & anti-proton. Such creation is called creation of PARTICLES & ANTIPARTICLES. If similarly antiprotons , anti-nutrons & anti electrons(poitrons) are utilized to make anti atoms where anti-atomic nuclei have anti protons & ant-neutrons & positrons orbit around them like atoms , such particles so formed are called anti-atoms. Dirac & other physicists proved theoretically that anti-atoms of all elements should exist & can be made , requiring hugh amount of energies ( to be made available by particle accelerators). Efforts were made to make synthetically anti atoms & were successful too e.g., Russian scientists could make anti helium nuclei of anti-atomic weight up to 8 as back as in 1976. Further progress is on giving encouraging results. Matters made up of such anti particles are called anti-matters like anti oxygen, anti nitrogen , anti iron, anti-zinc , anti uranium etc. If similar matter & anti matter having same mass are brought close to each other both will annihilate each other giving rise to gamma rays of extremely high energies. So, anti matters should be kept away from each other. If an anti matter mass of say one kg of anti-carbon is brought near one kg of carbon , both will vanish at once creating hugh energy & such device will be anti matter bomb , much more powerful than atom or hydrogen bombs, perhaps most destructive weapon on the earth man can make.

Answer 6

What do you want to know about it?

Check wiki for the basics.

Answer 7

Astronomy's most fundamental idea, the notion that everything in the universe--including time itself--originated in a spontaneous "big bang" that occurred 10 billion to 20 billion years ago, is being quietly challenged by a simpler theory of creation. This new grand universe (GU) concept claims that the observational data long considered to be proof of the fiery birth of the universe is actually unambiguous evidence of a past collision between already existing formations of matter and antimatter.

"Everything concerning a fireball beginning is wrong and leads the standard cosmological model to deadlock," says Anatoli A. Vankov, the Russian mathematical physicist who developed the GU concept. He spoke with POPULAR MECHANICS during a visit to the United States.

Vankov has detailed his GU concept in the draft of a scientific paper titled "Baryon asymmetry of the observed universe as a clue to resolution of dark matter, galaxy formation and other standard model problems." Behind this imposing title is a radical new view of both the universe and its creation. The baryons to which he refers make up a class of subatomic particles--including protons and neutrons--that combine to form the ordinary matter that makes up our world. Asymmetry, in this case, refers to the apparent absence of matter's theoretically predicted counterpart--antimatter. Now comes the controversial part. "The only way to save baryon symmetry is to suggest that the observed universe is not the whole unique universe," Vankov says. "Our observed universe is a huge matter-made fluctuation that is representative of a multitude of typical universes evenly made of matter or antimatter and chaotically dispersed in infinite flat 3D space."

As radical as Vankov's multiple universe concept may seem, it is attracting attention from leading Western scientists. Among these is Princeton University's James E. Peebles, who with his colleague Robert Dicke predicted that the distant glow of the big bang would appear as ubiquitous cosmic microwave radiation. Vankov, who is now a visiting professor at Southwest Missouri State University in Springfield, credits Peebles with helping him make contacts among Western scientists. It also helps that Vankov has impressive credentials of his own. During the Cold War he spent 35 years working in experimental and theoretical nuclear physics at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering and the Joint Nuclear Research Institution in Russia.

The Big Bang
Vankov's GU concept appears at a time when the standard cosmological model, which begins with a fiery big bang event, is becoming increasingly more difficult to square with the ultraprecise data streaming to Earth from space-based observatories. The big bang theory is based on optical and microwave observations. The optical studies occurred early in the century. Astronomers found that the colors of distant stars were a bit more reddish than expected. One explanation was the so-called "Doppler effect." It explains that the apparent frequency of radiation emitted by a moving body decreases as the source recedes from the receiver. Building on these observations, Edwin Hubble calculated that the universe is expanding uniformly, and that objects at greater distances are receding at higher velocities.

Tracing this movement backward in time suggested there should have been a moment when the universe was infinitely compressed. Something--the big bang--set it into motion. Bits of matter clumped together, creating galaxies and later stars and planets.

The evidence of that event would be found in 1965. Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, working at what was then Bell Telephone Laboratories, discovered that the Earth was bathed in a uniform glow of radiation, at the precise microwave frequency one would expect from a "hot" big bang start.

Theorists remain divided as to whether the expansion that allegedly began with the fiery big bang--and which today can be seen in the "red shifting" of light from receding galaxies and the cosmic background radiation from still deeper in space--will continue. One school of thought says it will. A second predicts gravitational forces will cause the universe to collapse back to its point of origin in a "big crunch." Notwithstanding this uncertainty, Western scientists consider the big bang theory one of the greatest intellectual achievements of the 20th century.

Alternative Cosmology
It wasn't entirely a surprise. Years before Hubble's observations suggested an expanding universe, the Russian mathematical physicist Alexander Friedmann predicted this motion using Albert Einstein's general relativity theory.

As modern space-borne instruments, such as NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer mission, provided more data from distant points in the universe, problems began to creep into the standard cosmological model. "There are many inherent contradictions in the treatment of observational data, cosmic background radiation in particular as well as many unresolved physical problems," says Vankov. "For example, there is no explanation of high-energy cosmic rays." There is also the question of the identity of the so-called "dark" or unseen matter that is believed to account for as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe.

What the space-based platforms haven't found is also significant. "Baryon asymmetry [the lack of antimatter] is hardly acceptable," says Vankov. "Little room is left to resolve these problems by further refining the standard cosmological model."

The GU concept that Vankov suggests as a replacement for the current cosmological model envisions an infinite, flat 3D "grand universe space" that is filled with limited-volume "typical universes" that are chaotically and uniformly dispersed. Some--like our "home universe"--are made of baryon matter.

To preserve baryon symmetry, other typical universes elsewhere in the grand universe are made of antimatter. No one doubts that antimatter exists. Small quantities have been made in the laboratory. NASA is experimenting with an antimatter rocket engine for 21st century spacecraft. There is no mystery why we don't find antimatter in nature. When matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate each other in a burst of energy and subatomic particles.

Vankov conjectures just this sort of a collision took place billions of years ago when a wandering cloud of antimatter somehow bumped into our home universe. "They are all evolving and disintegrating to give birth to the next generation of universes," Vankov says. He says it is the disintegration of the matter and antimatter that we observe as an expanding home universe.

Hard Fight Ahead
To convince the mainstream scientific community to abandon the big bang theory Vankov will need to do more than offer an explanation that addresses the apparent shortcomings of the standard cosmological model. Vankov tells PM that the editor of one physics journal rejected a paper on the GU concept because he considered it too radical and sweeping a notion.

Vankov acknowledges that important details need to be resolved. His next step is to develop a theory of matter-antimatter mixing so he can conduct a computer simulation of galaxy formation. "I want to explain the idea step by step in the detail needed to convince the physics community that it is right," he says. "It is a great challenge with great consequences."

If Vankov succeeds, the GU concept could replace the big bang as the explanation of how it all began.
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