how do cell exchange naterial and information with their surroundings?

Question

a. through holes in their cell walls
b. through their membranes
c. with their nuclei

Answer 1

Cells have little antennae which react to various stimuli, in addtion to items a&b that you mentioned. Item c is unlikely as the nuclei serve more as the reproduction system. They have done experiments where they have removed the nuclei and the cells continue to live normal until they need to repair themselves which they cannot because the "blueprint" needed to reproduce parts is contained in the nucleus.