Rules of magnetism?

Question

What are the rules of magnetism? Not the right hand rules of magnetism but just the rules of magnetism.

Answer 1

A negative is atracted to a positive. A posistive is atracted to a negative. Two of the same charged magnets for example negative to negative with not cause attraction.
(- attracted +)
(+ attracted -)
(- not attracted -)
(+ not atractted +) Good Luck!

Answer 2

There are both right and left hand rules.

First let's venture into the realm of magnetics.
Electric and magnetic forces are all aspects of space-time curvature. Electricity and magnetism can both be explained as the interaction of matter waves with background radiation of specific frequencies. Matter waves cancel incoming background radiation of unique frequencies, leading to forces that bend space-time either positively or negatively. Space-time curvature is what we see as electric or magnetic fields. Radiation itself is envisioned as an effect of space-time curvature. Electricity and magnetism is powered by incoming background radiation which is of closely-spaced but separate frequencies, and is canceled-out by the waves of charged or magnetic particles. Thus, space-time curvatures have their own separate frequencies. Gravity is pictured as a space-time curvature also, but at a vastly lower frequency and energy. The consequences of space-time curvature as the lines of force of electric and magnetic fields is discussed. Electric and magnetic lines of force are strong emitters of virtual radiation both forward and backward in time. Lines of force are pictured as wrapped space-time.

Now stay with me a little longer.
The equations of electricity and magnetism describe the behavior of electric and magnetic forces quite well. However, what they fail to adequately address (in my opinion) is what a magnetic or electrical field actually is, how it arises and what the lines of force are describing in space. This is a portion of the explanation attempted here.

This viewpoint accepts matter as waves and pictures matter as interacting with background radiation by either canceling destructively, ignoring the radiation or constructively reinforcing it. This ultimately has effects on space-time since forces affect space-time curvature. This is what gives rise to the mathematical descriptions known as fields. Fields are essentially the effects of virtual photons (at unique frequencies) traveling forward and backward-in-time.



As the author believes, the action is not in the electromagnetic field, it is in space-time. Space-time is what is "waving". Moreover, space-time has different frequencies that act independently of each other depending upon their frequencies. Both gravity and electromagnetism are caused by matter's effects upon the different frequencies and energies of space-time. This is another connection between gravity and electromagnetism, a slightly different approach than that proposed in the "Gravitation" text.



The electric field lines of force are the effect of incoming background radiation being canceled by identical wavelengths of matter waves. All charged particles are either destructively or constructively reinforced by incoming radiation.



While the terms "negative" and "positive" space-time curvature have been defined by Einstein, they will be used here to mean that a positive curvature causes objects to be pushed together (or attracted to each other). Negative curvature is objects being pulled apart or objects which repel each other.



Since two opposite charges attract each other (+ -) or (- +), they must have an effect upon space-time that generates a radiation void (a positive curvature) between them. Virtual quanta exchange with each other emitted by the lines of force yielding the forces associated with electric fields.



This can be pictured as a cancellation of incoming radiation by matter that is of identical frequencies with the incident background radiation. Cancellation is, therefore, what causes a radiation void and two opposite charges i.e., a proton and an electron, must attract each other.



The void between positive and negative charged particles is a positive curvature in space-time as described by the author's work on gravity. Protons and electrons "fall" toward each other inversely as the square of the distance (1/r^2). Virtual quanta carry the impulses associated with this force.



This is the same symmetry as gravity, except that the background radiation used by the electric force is vastly stronger than gravity. Moreover, the electric "force" only affects charged particles.



Since two opposite charges repel each other (++) or (- -), they must have an effect upon space-time that generates a radiation "bump" (a negative curvature) between them. What appears as a force between the charges is either ++ or - - "falling" away from each other. This is analogous in the case of gravity to ordinary radiation pressure i.e., antigravity.



Thus, where two positive charges approach each other, there is an apparent force on the other. Again, this is an effect upon space-time curvature. It is a positive curvature that generates a force on similar sign charges. Incident background radiation is constructively reinforcing the matter waves of the same charge, causing a "bump" in the space-time between them. The mathematical description known as a "field" is a curvature of space-time.



Where a positive charge is close to another positive charge, they repel each other. But where that same positive charge is close to a negative charge they attract each other. This has led some to conclude that the quality known as electric charge is a property of space-time itself. The author is in agreement.



The law here appears to be: a negative space-time distortion i.e., two positive or two negative charges Vs. a positive space-time distortion i.e., a positive and a negative charge. These combinations of opposites "want" always to cancel each other, reaching equilibrium at zero energy.



When opposite charges cancel, they may cause a spark. A spark is pictured as a "crack" in space-time (an attempt to balance-out electrical forces), and such an event may emit light. A spark increases the entropy and flattens-out the Universe. In the author's other text, sparks and flames are viewed as space-time curvatures, that essentially open a window to the fifth dimension--radiation.



Reaching equilibrium is an ongoing electrical process and leads to the lines of force surrounding all charged particles. One might view this as an unbalance in oppositely charged particles. Gravity is pictured as the same fundamental process, only it affects all pieces of matter, not only charged particles.



In heat engines, for example, differences in heat give rise to the ability to do work (as they attempt to reach equilibrium). Work is equal to force x distance. Since forces give rise to curvatures of space-time, differences in heat within a heat engine produce the bending of space-time. We call these flames--tears in space-time. Hence, space-time is torn. Therefore, differences in electrical potential in the same fashion (as heat) cause curvatures of space-time. We call these sparks. Sparks are space-time "cracks". See link below for further information.



Lines of force that begin on the positive charge, end on the negative. Thus, the electrical effect returns to where it came from--it cancels seeking its equilibrium. An electric charge in space in a circular path brought back to its starting point is always equal to zero electrical potential. This is true in electrical circuits as well.



In an electrical circuit, mobile electrons in a metal are accelerated by an electric field. This field is a warpage of space-time. Thus, what brings electricity to your house is a space-time curvature in the wire at a definite frequency.



The individual particle's themselves do not appear to cause the cancellation of the background radiation, but a positive or negative curvature of space-time depends upon the charge of the other particle encountered. Indeed, this may tell us something important about the nature of space-time and its interactions with matter waves and radiation at these frequencies.



Where background radiation encounters a particle of neutral charge, it has no effect upon that radiation. In other words, the background radiation is simply ignored by the matter wave. Therefore, the neutron (or any other neutrally charged matter particle) does not resonate either constructively or destructively with the background radiation. This is why only charged particles exhibit electrical effects.



Lines of force are actually the curvatures (or the bending) of space-time at the frequencies of the canceled radiation. What are these frequencies of background radiation?



A steel box (also known as a Faraday cage) blocks electric fields as well as radio waves. It may be likely that this is no coincidence. If radio waves are blocked by a Faraday cage halting any electric force present, these same frequencies may be responsible for the electric field. Since no radio waves can penetrate the cage, the electric field is halted because no radiation space-time void can be created (which generates the field).



This is rather similar to two metal plates not allowing long-wavelength vacuum radiation in the Casimir effect. This effect is described in greater detail in the gravity text. See link below. Since no waves can penetrate the Faraday cage, the electric field is not allowed to enter. The electric field is zero inside a metal Faraday cage.



Electrical forces only interact with charged particles. These particles, unlike gravity which interacts with all mass particles, resonate at vastly higher frequencies (and energies) than gravity. Charged particles either positively or negatively warp space-time with the commonly known rules as stated above.



Gravity is so weak compared to electrical forces, because it operates at vastly lower frequencies and energies of background radiation. Electrical forces also must have a much wider band on the radio spectrum where they operate, thus, vastly higher energies are canceled by a negatively or positively charged matter wave.



Indeed, the Faraday cage blocks a wide band of radio waves, hence, the electrical force has substantial energy, far above that of gravity i.e., the long-wavelength radio band.



Electrical forces are quite different than gravity. For example, if one could block the incoming radiation responsible for gravity, the gravity behind the blocking substance increases (because the radiation void increases). No substance known can block gravitational radiation, although according to this picture such a phenomenon does not appear impossible. The long-wavelength photons responsible for gravity appear not able to be shielded by any known matter.



It appears that each frequency of radiation has its own space-time curvatures. Gravity operates at the long-wavelengths and electric forces at the shorter radio wavelengths. These space-time curvatures appear not to affect each other. Like a radio transmission, each radio station has its own frequencies and acts quite independently of each other and there is little interference across the electromagnetic band.



Virtual Quanta And Electric Lines Of Force



Incoming radiation is canceled by matter which generates a force at a given frequency. Space-time is folded or wrapped accordingly. These are the electric lines of force. Electric lines of force exert forces on other nearby charged particles stronger close to the force lines and weaker farther away. Such force lines emit virtual radiation constantly either forward or backward-in-time i.e., time-reversed. By reversing the time direction, virtual photons can attract or repel other charged particles.



The author considers that there are two types of photons as described by this equation:

Radiation (right-handed spin, backward-in-time) + Matter (right-handed spin, forward-in-time) + Antimatter (left-handed spin, backward-in-time) + Radiation (left-handed spin, forward-in-time) = 0

A similar equation is proposed in several of the author's other works (and discussed in greater detail), all taking the viewpoint that there are essentially two types of photons. This dual photon picture is very relevant here in electricity and magnetism, because it describes well the particle picture of actions taking place in the "field". For more information about the dual photon idea, see the "Photon Emission" text. Link provided below.



For example, if we assign a negatively-charged electron a "forward-in-time" photon, when the electron interacts with another "forward-in-time" electron, the two electron's (- -) repel each other. Hence, the lines of force of all negatively-charged electrons emit forward-in-time virtual photons. Thus, space-time is negatively curved between them and the two electrons will move away from each other. One might also see this as two left-handed spin photons interacting with each other.



Positively charged particles, on the other hand, (such as positrons or protons) always emit "backward-in-time" virtual photons. When two backward-in-time (or right-handed spin) quanta interact (such as two protons + +), they again repel each other. This is because the backward-in-time virtual photons from one particle interact with the other's backward-in-time photons, and the repulsion is identical to that stated above. Two backward-in-time photons, like two negative quantities multiplied (negative x negative = positive) in mathematics, equals two forward-in-time photons. Therefore, two forward-in-time photons are equal to two backward-in-time photons--hence, the two virtual particles similarly also repel each other.



In the case where a backward-in-time photon meets are forward-in-time photon ( - + or + -), they attract each other. Again, this is the same as given in the equation above of opposite spins meeting each other--they cancel yielding an attractive force. This is also what takes place with the "spin" interpretation of gravity. Where opposite spins meet, they cancel yielding an attractive force.



This may be a case where a negatively charged electron (that emits backward-in-time photons) interacts with a positively charged proton (that emits forward-in-time photons). They attract because it rather like a loop of current, both particles are being exchanged in the same direction and a strong attractive force is generated--space-time is positively curved in this situation. This is why the lines of force begin on positive charges and end on negative ones--rather like a loop. Since magnetism is similar, but at a different frequency, see the magnetism section below for a further description.



Space-time curvature is, thus, related to the exchange of both forward and backward-in-time photons. In the electric field, there is a transfer of these two types of photons and this is equivalent to the curving of local space-time. Hence, the bent path of an electron in a magnetic field is the result of a space-time curvature, but also due to the exchange of impulse-type forces by photons traveling forward and backward-in-time. Increasing the strength of the magnetic field, increases the curvature of local space-time as well as increasing the numbers of photons exchanged.



Magnetic Fields And Matter Waves



Magnetic fields are different than electric fields. Their mathematical relationship (with each other) is described well by Maxwell's equations. Magnetic fields are produced by permanent magnets or electric charges in motion. Maxwell showed that changing electric flux creates a magnetic field as if it were a kind of electric current. He used this discovery as the basis of his electromagnetic theory of light. Maxwell used symmetrical reasoning, as is frequently used here, to deduce this.



The model proposed here of magnetism is at odds with the ideas of A. Ampere. Ampere's model is now known as electrodynamics, that all magnetism is electrical in origin. To Ampere, all magnets must have electrical currents flowing through them. This the commonly accepted viewpoint today.



Every proton, neutron and electron has a known dipole field. This agrees well with Ampere's model. However, this leads to the question as to why all materials aren't magnetic? Moreover, why don't all planets have a magnetic field around them? Aren't all planets composed of protons, neutrons and electrons? Perhaps, a somewhat deeper explanation is needed, an explanation based upon matter as waves.



The present model of permanent magnets is that electrons generate electric currents within metals which causes magnetic fields to arise in a dipole arrangement. How does a permanent magnet maintain a permanent magnetic field around it--an obvious outflow and expenditure of energy? Is there a source of energy from the outside?



It is proposed here that the energy of a magnetic field arises from the constructive and destructive reinforcement of background radiation energy. Like the electric field above, the matter wave of a permanent magnet reinforces constructively the vacuum radiation at the north end of the magnet and destructively cancels (and dampens) the matter wave at the south end.



Thus, space-time curvature is curved positively at the north end and negatively at the south end. Both curvatures generate the field lines that meet at the midsection of the magnet. Lines of force, which are curvatures of space-time in an unbroken circle, seek always to cancel out to equal zero. This is the reason that the magnetic flux through any closed surface is always equal to zero.



Similar to the electric field, lines of force are perhaps "wrinkles" in the curvature of space-time--they are "wrapped" or "folded-over" space-time. Such force lines, as in the electric field above, emit virtual quanta in forward and reverse time directions. A further discussion is provided below.



Indeed, it is suggested here that space-time has various frequencies (which it must). Because gravity takes place at lower frequencies, gravity has no noticeable lines of force. This comment is subsequently discussed.



The rules of magnetism are that two individual south or north poles repel each other and opposite poles always attract. Magnets "fall" toward or away from each other, due to the warpage of space-time either positively or negatively. These forces are exerted by virtual quanta that are emitted by the lines of force.



Like gravity, the light from the Sun and the electric force, magnetic forces fall off inversely as the square of the distance (1/r^2). Perhaps, it is a geometrical property of space-time that is responsible for the inverse square law.



Since electric currents also create magnetic fields as discovered by H. Oersted, there must be an explanation regarding matter waves for this well-known phenomena. Moving electric charges in a wire produce a magnetic field that circulates around the wire. Ampere found that the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path is equal to a constant x the current in the wire. Hence, the strength of the magnetic field is related to the current. Current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge q (in Amperes). The more electric charges that pass through a given spot per second, the more the current in the wire. This gives rise to a stronger magnetic field around the wire.



Thus, the size of the current must be related to the electron's matter waves. The larger the current of electron waves, the greater the cancellation of "magnetic" background radiation. When a current carrying wire encounters another wire carrying current in the same direction, space-time bulges (negatively) and the wires repel each other. When wires have currents in opposite directions, space-time collapses (curves positively) and the wires attract each other. Again, this is as much a statement about space-time as the current and the wires. Therefore, a current of flowing electron waves has an effect upon local space-time and physicists call this a magnetic field. The field is actually an exchange of virtual quanta emitted by the lines of force.



A loop of current can produce a dipole field, similar to a bar magnet. When Ampere discovered this fact, he thought that all magnets were electricity in motion. A different model is proposed here, that where there is a matter wave i.e., electron waves or other matter waves, there can be magnetism. However, the matter must be "tuned" to the narrow frequencies of magnetism "radiation". For reasons unknown, electrons in motion and bar magnets are in-tune with this incoming radiation.



There are other interesting characteristics of magnets worthy of note. For example, when a magnet is heated, it can lose its magnetic properties. This is explained in terms of matter waves as the frequency of the matter wave increasing its wave frequency. As energy is proportional to frequency (E = hf), heat energy can change the frequency of the matter wave by raising it. When the frequency of the matter wave rises, the background radiation responsible for magnetism is no longer in resonance either constructively or destructively with the matter wave.



Thus, the metal object loses its magnetism until it cools (loses energy) and is again tuned to the proper frequency. Apparently, this radiation band for magnetism is rather narrow and nonmetals cannot vibrate at these frequencies at all. Some metals such as Aluminum and Copper can never vibrate at this narrow band, hence, they also are not magnetic.



The metal known as Gadolinium (element # 64) has the unusual property that it is nonmagnetic at room temperature, but when it is cooled-down it becomes magnetic. This shows that the vibration band for magnetism is indeed narrow and when the metal reduces its frequency (and energy), it can become magnetic. This also demonstrates that the frequency of a matter wave is not a fixed quantity, but it is variable with a particular materials energy state.



It is also known that one magnet can become stronger by stroking it with another magnet. This might be because the second magnet changes the frequency of the matter wave. The first magnet may "focus" its wave closer to the strongest magnetic background radiation frequency. This is a bit like fine-tuning a station on the radio to obtain a clearer signal.



Some metals also block magnetic fields, thus, they must be blocking also the incoming radiation responsible for magnetism. The magnet can stick to the metal, but the field does not extend through the metal itself. This is somewhat analogous to the Faraday cage for electric fields mentioned earlier. Since metals can block radio waves, perhaps, radio wavelengths are again (the same as the electric field) responsible for the frequencies of magnetism. This is a narrow frequency band, however.



Some metal objects (such as nails) can become permanent magnets if they are exposed to magnetic forces for a period of time. This means that the nail has made a permanent shift of its matter wave frequency to that of the magnetic band frequency. Hence, the nail is fine-tuned forever.



The Earth's magnetic field has always been a puzzle. It has always been assumed that moving electric currents are responsible for the Earth's magnetic field. Let us assume for a moment that this explanation is false. For example, moving electric currents have difficulty moving through a liquid such as the outer core. Indeed, the electrodynamics approach does have some difficulties in explaining the Earth's magnetic field.



If the ideas proposed in this text have validity, what might be an alternative explanation for the Earth's magnetic field? Perhaps, the Earth is a permanent magnet. Like a permanent magnet, as described above, the Earth (near its core) contains materials that both constructively and destructively reinforce incoming background radiation. Again, this is a narrow band (perhaps in the radio spectrum) that is canceled or dampened by the matter waves that make up the Earth at its core.



Hence, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus all contain such interactive materials in their cores giving rise to their magnetic fields. Venus and the Moon (and many other planets) do not have materials which vibrate at the narrow radiation band responsible for magnetic fields. This is a completely different explanation for the magnetic fields of the various planets based upon their compositions and energy states.



Concerning magnetic monopoles, it appears that since a magnetic field must have an opposite pole to balance the emission of energy (and space-time curvature), magnetism must come in pairs of opposite poles. The energy of the north pole must have a place to cancel (the south pole), perhaps in close proximity. Where north pole energy is emitted, a south pole must be created and vice versa. Opposite magnetic monopoles may not be near to each other.



Moreover, space-time curvature must always cancel-out and dampen to equal zero. This principle is also obeyed by a magnet, the electric field (where lines of force begin on positive and end on the negative) and gravity. It has not generally been recognized by physicists that gravity operates in this same fashion (and symmetry), because it has not been noticed that gravity is caused by positive radiation pressure differential. Perhaps, this is because an ordinary star is confusing the situation by both "emitting" and "attracting" simultaneously.



Like electric and magnetic fields, gravity arises in one place as ordinary radiation (emitted by the stars), and ends-up being either canceled-out (in the "wave" picture of gravity) or falling into a wormhole (in the particle approach) in any matter-generated gravitational field. This cancellation of both energy and curvature is consistent with all the forces and appears to be a fundamental principle of the Universe.



It can be understood further that electricity may be a function of the frequency of a wave in space-time, while magnetism is more a function of wavelength. It is proposed in the author's other texts that the equation; Wavelength x Frequency = Wave Speed, has something to do in a deeper way with electricity and magnetism. See the "Electricity" and "Magnetism" texts at the links below for further details.



Virtual Quanta And Magnetic Lines Of Force



Let us assume that like the electric field, the magnetic field force lines emit virtual quanta at unique frequencies. Let us assign the north pole of a magnet the emission of forward-in-time virtual quanta. The south poles of any magnet, therefore, all emit backward-in-time photons. In other texts, backward-in-time photons can be understood to be "photon holes", a integral aspect of all electromagnetic waves. See the "Space-Grid" text for further information.



Where two north poles meet (two forward-in-time photon emission fields) they repel each other. Similarly, where two south poles are brought closely into contact, two backward-in-time virtual photon "holes" meet. Like the electric field description above, the two backward-in-time photon fields are equivalent to two forward-in-time fields (two negative's multiplied equal a positive). Hence, two south poles and two north poles repel each other--space-time is, therefore, negatively curved.



In the case where a south pole is in close proximity to a north pole, they attract each other. Like the electric field, this is rather like a loop of current. The backward-in-time virtual photons meet the forward-in-time quanta at opposite ends and space-time collapses. As in the case of a bar magnet, lines of force are bent from one end to the other. The force lines of a magnet are, thus, an unbroken circle. Like a loop of current, the time-reversed photons at one end meet the ordinary photons at the opposite end. The photons at both ends reinforce each other (because they are time-reversed from each other) forming a complete loop of magnetic field lines. This is similar to electric field lines that begin on a positive charge and end on a negative.



The Consequences Of Space-Time Curvature As Lines Of Force



There are several important consequences of space-time curvature as force lines in electric and magnetic fields. In electric fields, negative curvature begin on a positive charge and ends in the negative as a distortion of space-time. These "fields" as force lines exist as a mishmash throughout space-time. The author believes that they roughly cancel each other out in most cases, leaving no net measurable effect. Hence, no measurement of space-time curvature i.e., space or length contraction and/or bending of star light, can be noticed. The strong background of electric fields, thus, largely cancels-out (dampens) any attempt at measurement.



Perhaps, in areas of deep space where there are huge masses of charged particles (ions) of the same charge, a curvature of space-time does result. This could be observed by the bending of star light in such regions. Perhaps, those observations that are presently explained as the bending of light by gravity (known as gravitational arcs), are actually due to strong electric forces from charged particles in the region. Perhaps, some galaxies have a negative net electrical charge, while others have a positive one. This results in a warping of the space-time between the two galaxies and the bending of light passing between them. Can electrical charges be the cause of gravitational arcs?



The magnetic field, on the other hand, should have a local measurable effect upon space-time curvature. It is predicted by this model that strong magnetic fields affect space and time. For example, because of the Earth's magnetic field, an atomic clock placed at the north pole of the Earth runs at a different rate over time than one placed at the south pole. The effect of time dilation should be most noticeable at each pole of the Earth. When the clocks, after a period of time at each pole, are brought back together again (perhaps at the Earth's equator), they will not be exactly synchronized. This can only be explained as the effect of magnetism and space-time curvature on time. This is a relatively easy and testable consequence of space-time curvature and magnetic lines-of-force.



Space contraction should also be noticed in magnetic fields. Perhaps, since it is widely known that the Earth is "squashed" somewhat at the poles (and bulged at the equator) that some of this might be due to a Lorentz-Fitzgerald-type contraction caused by the Earth's magnetic field. Magnetic fields effect space-time differently than gravity, because they have two opposite poles. Thus, this model leads to the consequence that planets with magnetic fields have greater contraction at their poles, than planets without a magnetic field. Some of this effect may be due, as Newton suggested, to the rotational forces of a planet. But, in general, when rotational forces are accounted for, planets with magnetic fields should have a larger contraction at their poles.



Moreover, planets with a magnetic field bend starlight to a greater degree than those that don't have such a field. This is likely to be a very small effect and not measurable, because it is not possible now to measure any bending of starlight even from the massive planet Jupiter. Therefore, magnets bend light, but again, this may be a very minute effect. Perhaps, with the most powerful electromagnets on Earth, a slight bending of light could be measured in a very sensitive experiment.



Since space-time is the same in all frames of reference, it is the ideal medium for electric and magnetic lines of force (Thorne, 1994). Because of this, magnetic and electric lines of force will never have open ends due to a change in their state of uniform motion.



Electromagnetic Radiation And The Properties Of Space-Time



As Maxwell was able to demonstrate, electromagnetic waves should propagate at an absolute speed, the speed of light. Maxwell found this speed by combining the electric constant and the magnetic constant. He obtained 3 x 10^8 meters/second. Albert Einstein showed us that this speed is an absolute constant, and independent of the motion of the source.



This startling result banished the aether (the 19th century medium for light waves) because if there is an aether, the speed of light must vary in different frames of reference. Since this is not what Maxwell's result showed, Einstein was forced to conclude that the speed of light is constant in all frames of reference. Hence, all the laws of physics (including light waves) are the same for all observers in uniform motion. This is the principle of relativity.



However, this suggests an interesting question: If light is a wave and all waves require a medium to propagate through, what exactly is "waving"? Since the aether argument doesn't work (for the absolutely inescapable reason given above), how then is light transmitted through empty space to the Earth?



Most physicists say that it is the electromagnetic field that is "waving", but when one comes to grips with what the field concept really is, it is a mathematical construction only for the solving of problems. Richard Feynman has stated this also. Feynman called the field "the most convenient way to look at electrical effects" (Feynman, 1989). John Wheeler has stated that the field concept is "a local action at a distance" distinguishing it from Newtonian gravitational action at a distance. Fields transmit "local actions" from one place to another (Wheeler, 1998).



The author believes that John Wheeler is fundamentally correct and that the field concept is equivalent to action at a distance. It, therefore, is just as questionable as Newtonian gravity. Moreover, it is difficult to believe that the field concept has any physical reality beyond the mathematics, unless one considers the field as a region where particles are exchanged leading to forces. But, on the other hand, in the electric and magnetic "field" there are these seemingly visible lines-of-force. Faraday thought these lines were really there; in space. Perhaps, we should have listened to Faraday!



To this author, it is space-time that is waving! Light is a wave in space-time itself, similar to Faraday's notion. Space-time was found by Hermann Minkowski to be absolute, the same in all frames of reference (Thorne, 1994). Thus, unlike the aether which varies with reference frame, space-time makes an ideal medium for the transmission of electromagnetic waves. A photon is a quantum of the curvature of space-time--the normal role of the graviton. One might picture the unification of gravity and electromagnetism as photons being gravitons.



This conclusion also may mean that the gravity waves that experimentalists are trying so hard to measure are actually ordinary radiation! Hence, gravity waves are everywhere in the form of ordinary radiation. See the black hole text below for further details.



If one pictures the field as a space-time curvature, it is already absolute in all reference frames. For example, if two electrons are moving in space, both at the same speed and parallel to each other. Because they both are moving, they will behave like two currents and will have a magnetic field associated with them (like currents in wires). An observer who was riding along with the two charges, however, would see both charges as stationary, and would say that there is no magnetic field (Feynman, 1989).



Hence, any physical construction (the aether, for example) must be absolute in all frames of reference (and the aether is clearly not!). That is, the machinery must comply with relativity i.e., the equation: v^2/c^2. Since space-time, as H. Minkowski demonstrated, is absolute all reference frames, it is, therefore, ideally suited as a medium for light or other forms of radiation.



The primary drawback of picturing radiation as a space-time distortion is that the mathematical formulation is rather more complicated than the electromagnetic field concept. However, in this author's view, space-time curvature is the correct way to picture the field concept--regardless of its mathematical complexity. Taking Maxwell's theory as true (and this author does), space itself must have electromagnetic properties (and structure).



Indeed, the position that matter and radiation both are space-time distortions means not only that space-time has electromagnetic properties, but also conversely that both matter and radiation have a electromagnetic structure. In the case of radiation, this was Maxwell's important discovery. However, in the case of matter, this is not generally the conventional picture. However, one cannot describe matter in any form without talking about its electrical effects--or for that matter discuss electricity without mentioning matter. Matter, hence, must be a distortion of space-time and space-time has an electromagnetic structure.



The argument for photons also being space-time distortions is as follows: It was noted by Newton (and still true today) that space and time are closely linked to motion. Without motion space and time cannot exist. It can also be said that photons fundamentally are quantized quantities of motion (Michaud, 2000). Therefore, photons being essentially quantities of motion must be closely associated with space and time (space-time). Thus, the idea that a photon must be a distortion of space-time is logically consistent with our present notions of space, time and motion.



The author's position concerning both matter and radiation "fields" is spelled-out in greater detail in the "Space-Grid" text at the link below.



Lines Of Force, Phase And Spin



Lines of force are, therefore, the paths in space-time. They are visible, perhaps, because at these higher frequencies and energies (of electric and magnetic phenomena), "folds" or "wrinkles" in space-time appear. Lines of force emit, as described above, virtual quanta both in forward and backward time directions. The relatively weak gravitational field of the Earth has no known lines of force.



Perhaps, lines of force are tubes of "wrapped" space-time. If they could be viewed in cross-section, they might appear reddish at the edges and blue toward the middle of the tube. This is consistent with the author's other ideas about radiation voids. Such lines represent distortions of space-time and generate the forces we call electricity and magnetism.



In the "Quantum Space" text, particles of space are considered photon holes and, perhaps, these holes (particles of space) lineup in strings to form lines-of-force. Hence, the tubes described above might be joined-up strings of photon holes, with relatively dense regions of quantum space all around that diminish with distance from the force line. These quantum space strings necessarily would have an effect upon space and time. See the "Quantum Space" text at the link below for more information concerning this subject.



In the well-known (Thomas Young) two-slit experiment, light can destructively interfere with itself i.e., light + light = darkness. Two negative curvatures cancel-out in one place and positively reinforce each other in another.



This can be pictured as an out-of-phase wave interacting with an in-phase wave in one place (darkness), and two in-phase waves or two out-of-phase waves constructively reinforcing each other (in the lighter bands). This may also be pictured in the particle viewpoint as oppositely spinning photons interacting with each other. Hence, there are two types of photons (photons and photon holes); both with opposite spins as well as (in the wave picture) opposite phases. More about this in the "Space-Grid" text at the link below.



Light that reinforces itself in-phase is produced by a laser. A laser can also be thought of as the interaction of photons with identical spins.



Space-Time Curvatures As Particles And Forces



This text is aiming toward the eventual goal of making all forces space-time curvatures. Indeed, this is what is concluded here about electricity, magnetism and electromagnetic phenomena. The author believes that radiation itself is a negative curvature of space-time, while radiation pressure exerts a positive curvature pressure on material objects. Hopefully, the reader can picture electric and magnetic forces being also curvatures of space-time. Hence, space (and space-time) has electromagnetic properties.



Since, in the author's view, all particles and forces result from space-time curvatures, one might see this as a method of unification of all particles and forces. Such curvatures are, therefore, a common element in the history of the Universe. Such a unification would require vastly better mathematical methods to describe space-time curvature than we presently have i.e., tensor mathematics.



Conclusion



The probable predictions of this model are:



1) Space-time has separate and distinct frequencies. Forces are the different frequencies.



2) All forces are space-time curvatures. Space-time curvatures can give rise to forces.



3) Changes in temperature (energy state) alter the frequency and energy of matter waves. This explains well why permanent magnets lose their magnetic properties when heated.



4) Electric and magnetic forces are separate but related forces because they each have their own unique frequencies on the electromagnetic spectrum. Maxwell's equations describe accurately their relationship.



5) Magnetic background radiation is a relatively narrow band (in the radio band) on the electromagnetic spectrum.



6) It is not the electromagnetic field that is "waving", it is space-time. Space has electromagnetic properties.



7) Positive and negative space-time curvatures must always cancel out to equal zero.



8) Very strong gravitational fields may have lines of force as magnets and electric fields do. Space-time may fold-over where the force of gravity is overpowering.



9) Space-time is curved in electric and magnetic fields. This results in consequences such as the bending of light, time dilation and Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction in electric and magnetic fields. Please note that time dilation at the opposite poles of the Earth is a rather bold and highly testable consequence of this model. See the "consequences" section above for further details.



10) Since (in the author's view) matter and radiation are distortions of space-time and space-time must be electromagnetic (because as Maxwell showed, radiation is electromagnetic), so must matter be electromagnetic in nature. That any discussion of matter cannot be separated from its electrical forces is proof of the correctness of this viewpoint.



Ifeel that this model has greater explanatory power than the present electrodynamics model. Matter as waves, the work of Louis de Broglie, made this model possible.