Hurricane
British single-seat fighter aircraft manufactured by Hawker Aircraft, Ltd., and used with great effect in many areas of the world during World War II. A low-wing monoplane designed and first flown in 1935, it was the first airplane of the Royal Air Force to exceed a speed of 300 miles per hour (483 kilometres per hour) in level flight. The first production-lineplane flew in 1937. In some 20 modifications the Hurricane served as a fighter-bomber, an attack plane, and a carrier plane. More than 14,000 Hurricanes in various adaptations were madebefore manufacturing was halted in 1944. In its original conformation, the Hurricane had a ceiling of 36,000 feet (10,980 m) and a maximum speed of 330 miles/h (530 km/h) and was armed with eight .303-calibre machine guns in its wings. In that version, British pilots shot down over 1,500 Luftwaffe planes in their first year of war; all other British aircraft combined hardly exceeded that total. Later modifications included more and heavier guns, including 40-millimetre cannon, and bomb and rocket racks.
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tropical cyclone
severe atmospheric disturbance in the tropical oceans between latitudes of approximately 5 and 30 in both hemispheres. Such storms are characterized by very low atmospheric pressures in the calm, clear centre of a circular structure of rain, cloud, and very high winds. In the western Atlanticand the Caribbean they are called hurricanes; in the western Pacific, typhoons; and in western Australia,willy-willies (if the surface winds exceed 117 kilometres [73 miles] per hour).
Hurricanes and typhoons are characterized by wind speeds exceeding 32 metres per second. The winds spiral inward toward the storm centre (characteristic of cyclonic flow), clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. At the centre of the storm there are light breezes, even the proverbial calm. Barometric pressure decreases rapidly toward the centre, where record low pressures have been recorded. Wind speed, humidity,and rainfall increase toward the central zone, termed the eye, where they suddenly decrease. If there is a strong downdraft in the eye, temperatures there may be some 8° to 10° C higher than in the storm's main body. Such tropical cyclones are not common. Their total number in a given year may vary from 30 to 100, with about one-quarter occurring near Southeast Asia, one-seventh in the Caribbean and adjacent waters, and one-tenth in the southwest Pacific and Australian waters. They play a noticeable, if spasmodic, role in the general circulation of the atmosphere, transporting large amounts of warm, moist air from very low to middle latitudes. It is estimated that a mature hurricane may export more than 3,500,000,000 tons of air per hour, thus contributing greatly to redistribution within the troposphere. The development of a hurricane entails the release of large amounts of energy and the transfer of substantial quantities of water over several degrees of latitude.
tropical cyclone
severe atmospheric disturbance in the tropical oceans between latitudes of approximately 5 and 30 in both hemispheres. Such storms are characterized by very low atmospheric pressures in the calm, clear centre of a circular structure of rain, cloud, and very high winds. In the western Atlanticand the Caribbean they are called hurricanes; in the western Pacific, typhoons; and in western Australia,willy-willies (if the surface winds exceed 117 kilometres [73 miles] per hour).
Hurricanes and typhoons are characterized by wind speeds exceeding 32 metres per second. The winds spiral inward toward the storm centre (characteristic of cyclonic flow), clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. At the centre of the storm there are light breezes, even the proverbial calm. Barometric pressure decreases rapidly toward the centre, where record low pressures have been recorded. Wind speed, humidity,and rainfall increase toward the central zone, termed the eye, where they suddenly decrease. If there is a strong downdraft in the eye, temperatures there may be some 8° to 10° C higher than in the storm's main body. Such tropical cyclones are not common. Their total number in a given year may vary from 30 to 100, with about one-quarter occurring near Southeast Asia, one-seventh in the Caribbean and adjacent waters, and one-tenth in the southwest Pacific and Australian waters. They play a noticeable, if spasmodic, role in the general circulation of the atmosphere, transporting large amounts of warm, moist air from very low to middle latitudes. It is estimated that a mature hurricane may export more than 3,500,000,000 tons of air per hour, thus contributing greatly to redistribution within the troposphere. The development of a hurricane entails the release of large amounts of energy and the transfer of substantial quantities of water over several degrees of latitude.
cyclone
any large system of winds that rotates about a centre of low atmospheric pressure in a counterclockwise direction north ofthe Equator and in a clockwise direction to the south. Cyclonic winds move across nearly all regions of the Earth except the equatorial belt and are generally associated with rain or snow. Also occurring in much the same areas are anticyclones, wind systems that rotate about a high-pressure centre. Anticyclones are so called because they have a flow opposite to that of cyclones—i.e., an outward-spiralling motion, with the winds rotating clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern.These winds are usually not as strong as the cyclonic variety and bring no precipitation.
Cyclones occur chiefly in the midlatitude belts of both hemispheres. In the Southern Hemisphere, where most of the terrestrial surface is covered by the oceans, cyclones are distributed in a relatively uniform manner through various longitudes. Characteristically, they form in latitudes 30° to 40° S and move in a generally southeasterly direction, reaching maturity in latitudes around 60°. The situation is quite different in the Northern Hemisphere. There, continental landmasses extend from the Equator to the Arctic, and large mountain belts interfere with the midlatitude air currents, giving rise to significant variations in the occurrence of cyclones (and anticyclones). Certain tracks are favoured by the wind systems. The principal cyclone tracks lie over the oceans, the ocean surface being smoother than that of the land and thus offering less resistance to the strong winds around low-pressure centres.
Cyclones that form closer to the Equator (i.e., in latitude 10° to 15° north and south over the oceans) differ somewhat in character from the extratropical variety. Such wind systems, known as tropical cyclones, are much smaller in diameter. Whereas extratropical cyclones range from nearly 1,000 to 4,000 kilometres (620 to 2,500 miles) across, tropical cyclones measure only about 100 to 500 kilometres in diameter. They alsotend to be more violent than those occurring in the midlatitudes and can cause considerable damage. Their wind velocities may reach up to 60 metres per second (nearly 200 feet per second), as opposed to about 30 metres per second for extratropical cyclones. In the Atlantic and Caribbean regions, tropical cyclones are commonly called hurricanes, while in the western Pacific and China Sea the term typhoon is applied.
2007-03-26 15:10:24
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answer #9
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answered by einstein 2
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