What occurs durning each protein synthesis's step and where in the cell does each step happen?

Answer 1

The central dogma of biology is that

DNA-->RNA-->protein

That is DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) encodes the proteins, or rather the order of the amino acids of the protein. Amino acids are the building block of proteins. (The DNA also has other functions such as regulatory and structural functions, for example).

In the nucleus of the cell, the DNA is transcribed into mRNA (messenger RiboNucleic Acid). The mRNA molecules are transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they attach to the ribosomes, which are the "protein factories" of the cell. The ribosome uses the mRNA as the "instruction" for which order to put together the amino acids. This process creates a polypeptide or protein, but typically the protein is not mature right after it has been produced by the ribosome. Additional processes including something called "folding" is required to make the mature protein. Also, the protein may need to be transported to the right part of the cell, and may have to be integrated with other components, for example other peptides/proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or other biomolecules.