Causes of Downs Syndromehttp://www.mayoclinic.com/health/down-syndrome/DS00182/DSECTION=3
The genetic basis of Down syndrome
Human cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from your father, the other from your mother.
Down syndrome is caused by three types of abnormal cell division involving the 21st chromosome. All three abnormalities result in extra genetic material from chromosome 21, which is responsible for the characteristic features and developmental problems of Down syndrome. The three genetic variations that can cause Down syndrome include:
Trisomy 21. More than 90 percent of cases of Down syndrome are caused by trisomy 21. A child with trisomy 21 has three copies of chromosome 21 — instead of the usual two copies — in all of his or her cells. This form of Down syndrome is caused by abnormal cell division during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell.
Mosaic Down syndrome. In this rare form of Down syndrome, children have some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21, but not all. This mosaic of normal and abnormal cells is caused by abnormal cell division after fertilization.
Translocation Down syndrome. Down syndrome can also occur when part of chromosome 21 becomes attached (translocated) onto another chromosome, before or at conception. Children with translocation Down syndrome have the usual two copies of chromosome 21, but they also have additional material from chromosome 21 stuck to the translocated chromosome. This form of Down syndrome is uncommon.
There are no known behavioral or environmental factors that cause Down syndrome.
Is it inherited?
Most cases of Down syndrome aren't inherited. They're caused by a mistake in cell division during the development of the egg, sperm or embryo.
Translocation Down syndrome is the only form of the disorder that can be passed from parent to child. However, only about 4 percent of children with Down syndrome have translocation. And only about half of these cases are inherited from one of the parents.
In these cases, the mother or father is a balanced carrier of the translocation, which means he or she has some rearranged genetic material, but no extra genetic material. A balanced carrier has no signs or symptoms of Down syndrome, but he or she can pass the translocation on to children.
The chance of passing on the translocation depends on the sex of the parent who carries the rearranged chromosome 21:
If the father is the carrier, the risk if about 3 percent.
If the mother is the carrier, the risk is about 12 percent.
Effects of smoking while pregnant: http://www.hebs.scot.nhs.uk/readysteadybaby/pregnancy/effects-of-smoking-while-pregnant.htm
Smoking in pregnancy can affect your baby, not just before birth, but also in the future. Here are some of the effects of smoking while pregnant.
Smoking raises the levels of carbon monoxide in your bloodstream. This reduces the amount of oxygen available to your baby.
When you smoke, harmful chemicals reach your baby.
Nicotine constricts the blood vessels on your side of the placenta, which means oxygen is passed over less effectively to the baby.
The result is the baby grows less well than he might have done, and he'll be born lighter than otherwise. This might make a great difference to his health at birth.
There are also effects on brain development and on the general health of your baby, which have been shown to last into childhood, and even beyond. There is also a great deal of evidence that men who smoke when their partners are pregnant also affect the baby's health - whether or not the woman smokes herself.
2007-03-22 16:41:44
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answer #1
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answered by Stephanie F 7
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Smoking has been linked to a small increase in the risk of Down syndrome. But it's an even greater risk factor for other problems with the baby. And it's not good for children to be around smokers after their born either. Here's a great chance to quit for good!
2007-03-23 03:07:34
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answer #2
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answered by Anonymous
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Just because you smoke doesnt mean your baby.
This is how it happens:
Normally, a sperm and an egg each contain twenty-three chromosomes. At fertilization they combine to form a cell with forty-six chromosomes. Sperm and egg cells undergo normal divisions, called meiosis, producing exact copies of the original cell. Sometimes, by chance, during meiosis the division is unequal. One cell gets one less chromosome and dies. The other cell gets one extra chromosome and lives. If this cell (95 percent of the time it's the egg) joins with the sperm (or egg), the resulting fertilized egg contains forty-seven chromosomes. In the case of Down Syndrome the extra chromosome is number 21, so the genetic name for this syndrome is trisomy 21, that is, the cells have three number-21 chromosomes. There are other trisomies that usually end in miscarriage or early infant death. Why an extra chromosome causes the features of Down Syndrome is unknown. This unequal division of cells is called nondisjunction. It occurs by chance and accounts for 95 percent of the chromosome abnormalities in Down Syndrome. A rare genetic form of this syndrome (occurring in around 2 to 3 percent of these babies) happens by the mechanism of translocation. In this situation, one of the number-21 chromosomes parts company with its mate and attaches to another chromosome, giving the appearance of the cell having only forty-five chromosomes. However, the person is normal because he or she has all the genetic material of forty-six chromosomes. When a sperm or an egg from this normal person containing the translocated number-21 chromosome joins with another sperm or egg, the resulting fertilized egg appears to have forty-six chromosomes, but actually has three number-21 chromosomes. To confirm which type of chromosome abnormality your baby has, a geneticist analyzes your baby's chromosomes in a blood sample. The type of chromosomal abnormality, either nondisjunction or translocation, can be ascertained by looking at the chromosome alignment in your baby's blood cells. While most translocation abnormalities occur by chance, occasionally one parent is a carrier of cells that may contain a translocated number-21 chromosome and therefore has an increased risk of having more Down Syndrome babies. If analysis of baby's blood reveals a translocation type of abnormality, analysis of the parents' blood will reveal whether this happened by chance or whether a parent is a carrier and therefore has a risk of future babies inheriting this abnormality.Another type of Down Syndrome is called mosaicism, meaning some of the baby's cells contain the normal number of chromosomes, and others have an extra number 21. This is why many cells of your baby's blood are analyzed. Sometimes, but not always, a baby with mosaic Down Syndrome is less affected.
2007-03-22 16:39:48
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answer #3
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answered by Anonymous
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Smoking is TERRIBLE for developing babies, babies after they're born, small children, big children and everyone else in the freakin world, but it doesn't cause Down's.
Down's is caused by an extra 21st chromosome.
2007-03-22 16:41:11
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answer #4
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answered by Anonymous
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Sounds like you need an education to help support that baby as your grammar is terrible! If you're serious, then STOP smoking....it can lead to low birth weight and all kinds of developmental delays. I am a Mom of a preemie and it's not easy!
2007-03-22 16:40:34
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answer #5
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answered by Mom of One in Wisconsin 6
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smoking will impair birth weight and the lungs of the developing baby.
Down Syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality.
your question and statements are clear examples of why one needs to carry a specific license allowing reproduction.
2007-03-22 16:39:33
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answer #6
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answered by KitKat 7
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When I read messages like this, it makes me so mad that people like you can have babies, and I cannot. The world is so unfair at times. For God's sake, quit smoking, you idiot.
2007-03-22 16:46:20
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answer #7
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answered by hellotinkerbell1 2
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Im sorry to tell you this but if you smoked while you were pregnant its your own fault. You knew there would be consequences!
2007-03-22 16:40:40
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answer #8
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answered by Ilianna 1
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no
2007-03-22 16:44:23
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answer #9
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answered by Anonymous
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