How do you propose an argument or question without actually asking a question to your reader?

Answer 1

One way is to say something like, "I suggest to you that women are smarter than men but paid less."

Try it with any question or idea. Change Is the world round? to a statement, not a question.

Madam, I suggest to you the world is FLAT!!!

Or how about saying:

"I dare say all houses are green."

That will either start an argument debate or discussion without asking a question.

Answer 2

A few examples I got off the web. These are called Conversational Terrorism: You might find what you want. Here are a few. Some are kind of funny.

"I'd like to respond to that, but taking into account your background, education, and intelligence, I am quite sure that you would not be able to understand."

"I used to think that way when I was your age."

"My next point will be so cogent that even you will be able to understand it."
"Even you should be able to grasp the next point."

Instead of dealing with a comment or question directly, the idea here is to focus on some insignificant detail to evade the issue or buy time to think.

"We need to define just exactly what you mean by _________."
"Your last sentence ended with a preposition. Please restate it properly."

I don't care if other people say you're opinionated (or boring or overbearing, or etc.)"

"I don't want to spend a lot of time on this, but (blah, blah, blah...)."

"My dear congregation, I hate to speak of money matters, but (money, money, money, etc.)."