conjugation, transduction and transformation?

Question

conjugation, transduction and transformation:

a. Which process requires direct contact between 2 live bacterial cells?

b. Which process is analagous to picking up scrap pieces of building material along the side of the road that fell off somebody's truck?

Explain the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction. What do all 3 processes have in common?

1. Describe the maternal age effect associated with Down syndrome.
2. Given that a human normally contains 46 chromosomes, give a brief description of how the nuclear contents has changed, and the total number of chromosomes the person would have for the following conditions:

Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Triploid (not found in humans, but if it were, what would it be?)
Down syndrome
Trisomy 13
3. Fragile-X syndrome (or Martin-Bell syndrome) is the most common form of inherited mental retardation in humans. Is it more common in males or females? What is FMR-1?

Answer 1

conjugation,requires direct contact between 2 live bacterial cells.
Transformation is analagous to picking up scrap pieces of building material along the side of the road that fell off somebody's truck because in bacteria, transformation refers to a genetic change brought about by picking up naked strands of DNA and expressing it.

In all the three processes genetic material is getting transferred.
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact.
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA)
Transduction is the process by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a virus

Maternal age influences the risk of conceiving a baby with Down syndrome. At maternal age 20 to 24, the risk is 1/1490; at age 40 the risk is 1/60, and at age 49 the risk is 1/11.[12] Although the risk increases with maternal age, 80% of children with Down syndrome are born to women under the age of 35, reflecting the overall fertility of that age group. Other than maternal age, no other risk factors are known. There does not appear to be a paternal age effect

Turner syndrome -- Turner syndrome encompassess several chromosomal abnormalities, of which monosomy X is the most common. Instead of the normal XX sex chromosomes for a female, only one X chromosome is present and fully functional. This is called 45,X or 45,X0, although other genetic variants occur.


Klinefelter syndrome -- Klinefelter's syndrome, 47,XXY or XXY syndrome is a condition caused by a chromosome nondisjunction in males; affected individuals have a pair of X sex chromosomes instead of just one and are at additional risk for some medical conditions.

Down syndrome -- Down syndrome or trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome in British English) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome

Trisomy 13 -- Patau syndrome, also known as trisomy 13, is a chromosomal aberration, a disease in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13 due to a non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis.

Triploidy may be the result of either digyny (the extra haploid set is from the mother) or diandry (the extra haploid set is from the father). Diandry is almost always caused by the fertilization of an egg by two sperm (dispermy). Digyny is most commonly caused by either failure of one meiotic division during oogenesis leading to a diploid oocyte or failure to extrude one polar body from the oocyte. Diandry appears to predominate among early miscarriages while digyny predominates among triploidy that survives into the fetal period.

The fragile X syndrome has an estimated incidence of 1 in 3600 males and 1 in 4,000-6,000 females

FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) is a human gene that provides instructions to make a protein called fragile X mental retardation 1, or FMRP. This protein is normally made in many tissues, especially in the brain and testes. It may play a role in the development of connections (synapses) between nerve cells in the brain, where cell-to-cell communication occurs. The connections between nerve cells can change and adapt over time in response to experience (a characteristic called synaptic plasticity). FMRP may help regulate synaptic plasticity, which is important for learning and memory

Answer 2

In transformation, the micro organism advantageous aspects a trait with the help of taking in DNA from its atmosphere. In conjugation, there is an substitute of DNA between micro organism. In transduction, DNA is proficient with the help of bacteriophage.

Answer 3

conjugation is a biochemical process to bind a substance to an acid and thereby deactivating its biological activity, making it water-soluble, and facilitating its excretion.

Answer 4

don't know!