outbreak of crimean war 1854.. anyone know about it?

Question

where is the present day location of Crimea?

main cuty linked to war: old name, and new name?

describe conditions in the british barracks

Answer 1

Crimean War (krīmē'ən) , 1853–56, war between Russia on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France, and Sardinia on the other. The causes of the conflict were inherent in the unsolved Eastern Question. The more immediate occasion was a dispute between Russia and France over the Palestinian holy places. Challenging the claim of Russia to guardianship of the holy places, France in 1852 secured from Sultan Abd al-Majid certain privileges for the Latin churches. Russian counterdemands were turned down (1853) by the Ottoman government. In July, 1853, Russia retorted by occupying the Ottoman vassal states of Moldavia and Walachia, and in October, after futile negotiations, the Ottomans declared war. In Mar., 1854, Britain and France, having already dispatched fleets to the Black Sea, declared war on Russia; Sardinia followed suit in Jan., 1855. Austria remained neutral, but by threatening to enter the war on the Ottoman side forced Russia to evacuate Moldavia and Walachia, which were occupied (Aug., 1854) by Austrian troops. In Sept., 1854, allied troops landed in the Crimea, with the object of capturing Sevastopol. The Russian fortress, defended by Totleben, resisted heroically until Sept., 1855. Allied commanders were Lord Raglan for the British and Marshal Saint-Arnaud, succeeded later by Marshal Canrobert, for the French. Military operations, which were marked on both sides by great stubbornness, gallantry, and disregard for casualties, remained localized. Famous episodes were the battles of Balaklava and Inkerman (1854) and the allied capture (1855) of Malakhov and Redan, which preceded the fall of Sevastopol. On the Asian front the Russians gained advantages and occupied Kars. The accession (1855) of Czar Alexander II and the capture of Sevastopol led to peace negotiations that resulted (Feb., 1856) in the Treaty of Paris (see Paris, Congress of). The Crimean War ended the dominant role of Russia in SE Europe; the cooling of Austro-Russian relations was an important factor in subsequent European history. The scandalous treatment of the troops, particularly the wounded, depicted by war correspondents, prompted the work of Florence Nightingale, which was perhaps the most positive result of the war.

atp

Answer 2

I believe Crimea is the present day Ukraine. I also know that modern nursing arose during the Crimean War through the works of Florence Nightingale. She was British and the conditions were so bad that she tried to clean things up to prevent much of the disease that was breaking out and killing the soldiers. I don't know the other specifics, though, sorry.

Answer 3

"When Russia opened a campaign against Turkey in the Balkans in 1853, Britain and France took alarm. In 1854 when Russia invaded Bulgaria, they declared war, and sent an expeditionary force into the Black Sea to threaten Russia's main southeastern base at Sebastopol.
*SEVASTOPOL is a city of the Ukraine, in the Peninsula of the Crimea, in the Black Sea.*
The battles that followed the initial landing on Sept. 13, 1845 around that port took place at the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman."

Answer 4

In 1854, Britain had got involved in a minor European conflict, The Crimean War, allied with the Turks against the Russians. British troops established a token presence in the Crimea, a peninsula on the north coast of the Black sea. The British cut off the Russian port of Sebastopol and the main action of the war consisted of the Russians attempting to destroy the British presence and relieve the city.

The British encamped waiting for the Russians to attack, but it was some time before any assault was forthcoming. The British officers were patient. They beguiled the vacant time with card games, dinner parties and cricket. They had modern designer furniture sent over for their comfort and dined off the finest crockery and glassware. They even had foxes sent out so that they could indulge in a little hunting. The serving men, meanwhile, lived in grubby tents and many succumbed to dysentery.

These agreeable circumstances came to an abrupt end when the Russians finally took action. They occupied the heights above the valley of Sebastopol but were beaten back by General Scarlett’s Heavy Brigade. The commanding British General, Lord Raglan, noticed the Russians attempting to remove their canon and ordered his reserve force, the Light Brigade, to disrupt them. The order became confused and when Lord Cardigan of the Light Brigade received the message, he understood the target to be a Russian force on the far side of the valley. He promptly led his cavalry through the valley beneath the heights, instead of attacking isolated Russian posts on high ground. Cardigan’s men swept through the valley between two lines of Russian artillery, consisting of fifty pieces of canon, with a further area of armed resistance, their intended objective, in front of them. The Light Brigade was torn to pieces by canon on three sides, but reached its objective on the far side and broke the Russian line. The Light Brigade suffered 40 % casualties in the charge.

The gallantry, and the stupidity, of the British officers and men caught the public imagination. Cardigan was lionised on his return to London and gave a speech at the Mansion House, recalling the events. Tennyson wrote a poem on the event, which included the famous lines:

Theirs not to make reply
Theirs not to reason why
Theirs but to do and die
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.

An enquiry was held into the tragic incident but achieved nothing. Raglan blamed his subordinate, Lord Lucan, and Lucan blamed Captain Nolan, the carrier of the message, who by then was dead. The press and public blamed Raglan, and Cardigan blamed everybody except himself.

Cardigan died in 1868. His horse, Ronald, who carried him in the Charge died in 1872. Ronald's head is exhibited, in a glass case, at the Cardigan family home. [Deene Park, Deene, Corby, Northamptonshire, NN17 3EW] Cardigan was also famous for his invention of a light woollen jacket, the cardigan, which kept away the cold in the long Russian winters.

Answer 5

Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Crimean Peninsula extends southward from Ukraine's mainland into the Black Sea. It was inhabited by a number of Turkic peoples, now collectively known as the Crimean Tatars, had been inhabiting the peninsula since the early Middle Ages.

The Crimean War (1854–1856) was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France, UK, and Ottoman Empire on the other.

The immediate causes of the Crimean War can be traced back to the 1851 coup d'état in France. Napoleon III had his ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Marquis de Lafayette, force the Ottomans to recognize France as the "sovereign authority" in the Holy Land.

Quickly, the Russians made counterclaims to this newest change in "authority" in the Holy Land. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the other in 1774, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Christian faith in the Ottoman Empire. Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line 'Charlemagne' to the Black Sea, a "clear violation" of the London Straits Convention. France's startling show of force, combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, changed Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I's mind on the matter of the Holy Land and its protection. The newest treaty, between France and the Ottomans, confirmed France and the Catholic Church as the supreme Christian organization in the Holy Land, supreme control over the various Christian holy places, and gave the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously in the hands of the Greek Orthodox Church, to the Catholic Church.

Due to his stunning diplomatic success in Constantinople, Napoleon III's support in France grew tremendously. However, Napoleon appeared to misjudge the religious convictions of Tsar Nicholas I. Angry over losing the diplomatic war to France in the Porte, the Russian tsar had his 4th and 5th Army Corps mobilized and deployed along the Danube River and had Count Karl Nesselrode, his foreign minister, begin a diplomatic war to regain Russian prestige with the Ottomans. As Nesselrode, a veteran diplomat, began forming his strategy for the tsar, he privately confided to the British ambassador in Saint Petersburg, Sir Hamilton Seymour.

As conflict loomed over the question of the Holy Places, Nicholas I and Nesselrode began a diplomatic offensive which they hoped would prevent either Britain or France from interfering in any conflict between Russia and the Ottomans, as well as to prevent them from allying together.

Nicholas began courting Britain through Seymour. Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia further, but that he had an obligation to Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.

The British embassy at Istanbul at the time was being run by Hugh Rose, chargé d'affaires for the British. Using his considerable resources within the Ottoman Empire, Rose gathered intelligence on Russian troop movements along the Danube frontier, and became concerned about the extent of Menshikov's mission to the Porte. Rose, using his authority as the British representative to the Ottomans, ordered a British squadron of warships to depart early for an eastern Mediterranean cruise and head for Istanbul. However, Rose's actions were not backed up by the British admiral in command of the squadron, Whitley Dundas, who resented the diplomat for believing he could interfere in the Admiralty's business. Within a week, Rose's actions were cancelled. Only the French sent a naval task force to support the Ottomans.

At the same time, however, the British government of Prime Minister Aberdeen sent Lord Stratford. Through skillful diplomacy, Lord Stratford convinced the Sultan to reject the treaty, which compromised the independence of the Turks. Benjamin Disraeli blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process by which Aberdeen would be forced to resign for his role in starting the war. Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy, the Tsar marched his armies into Moldavia and Wallachia (Ottoman principalities in which Russia was acknowledged as a special guardian of the Orthodox Church), using the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the Holy Places as a pretext. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially given Russian involvement in suppressing the Revolutions of 1848.

When the Tsar sent his troops into Moldavia and Wallachia (the "Danubian Principalities"), Great Britain, seeking to maintain the security of the Ottoman Empire, sent a fleet to the Dardanelles, where it joined another fleet sent by France. At the same time, however, the European powers hoped for a diplomatic compromise. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—Great Britain, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note which they hoped would be acceptable to the Russians and Ottomans. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; it was, however, rejected by Abd-ul-Mejid I, who felt that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. Great Britain, France and Austria were united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but their suggestions were ignored in the court of Saint Petersburg.

Great Britain and France set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process. The Sultan proceeded to war, his armies attacking the Russian army near the Danube. Nicholas responded by dispatching warships, which destroyed a squadron of Ottoman frigates in northern Turkey at the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853. The destruction of the Turkish fleet and heavy Ottoman casualties alarmed both Great Britain and France, which stepped forth in defence of the Ottoman Empire. In 1853, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, Great Britain and France declared war.

These were the prelude to the Crimean war.

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